Drinking water plays a great role in human Life. It must be within special specifications and standards. In addition, found many drinking water pollution problems in various areas of Al- Aziziyah City, Wasit governorate. The study objectives were to show the suitability of drinking water produced from basic filtration projects and compare it with the Iraqi and international standard for drinking water in order to investigate potential contamination. Therefore, physical, chemical and biological tests of drinking water were conducted at the drinking water treatment in the city of Al- Aziziyah City, Wasit Governorate from October 2020 to September 2021.for year. The samples were measuring the values and concentrations of water indicators. Water temperature was between 11-33°C and the turbidity values ranged 3-75 NTU, while the electrical conductivity values were between 939-1316 µS/cm. The values of the dissolved solids were 600.96-842.24 mg/L. The pH values recorded 7.1 - 8.1 with varying values of residual free chlorine 0.3- 3.5 mg/L. It was found that drinking water is hard. The total hardness values ​​were 389–510 mg/L and as for the values ​​of sulfate, they record 328 - 425 mg/L. For biological factors, the highest average of total bacterial numbers appeared in site R (raw water) during January 2021. It is reaching 450 cells/1 mL, while the lowest average in site E (water after treatment). It is also during March 2021 and it was zero cells/ 1 mL. The numbers of Escherichia coli bacteria, it was 0-340 cells/100 mL. About the drinking water produced from liquefaction projects, the results of the study showed that the values and concentrations of electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved solids and the standard specifications of Iraqi and international drinking water for all sites. The results showed that the concentrations of turbidity, free chlorine, total hardness, sulfates and total numbers of bacteria and E. coli bacteria in this study did not match the standard specifications of Iraqi [1] and international standards [2].

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences at the College of Agriculture/Tikrit University, with the aim of extracting anthocyanin pigments from some plant sources, including gujarat, red cabbage, beet, red carrots and red radish grown in Salah al-Din Governorate, Several solvents were used to extract the anthocyanin pigments from the above samples, including (water, ethanol, a mixture of both water and ethanol, water and ethanol and hydrochloric acid, water and ethanol and acetic acid, water and ethanol and citric acid ), In order to determine the optimal conditions for extraction using different solutions and to evaluate production efficiency, the percentage of extracted anthocyanin pigments was determined the anthocyanins extracted from Gujarat were higher than the rest of the plant samples, The mixture of water and ethanol and acetic acid was the best extraction solvent for all studied samples, Gujarat gave the highest percentage of extracted anthocyanins compared to the rest of the studied samples, as the amount of extracted anthocyanins reached 567.33 mg/100 g. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanin extracts also showed a high activity to inhibit free radicals when using different concentrations, including 2.5, 5, 10 µg/mL and for all samples, the results also showed that the IC50 value in the extract of gujarat, red cabbage, beetroot, red carrot and red radish reached 5.877, 1.231, 2.816, 2.782, 3.093 µg/mL respectively.

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences at the College of Agriculture/Tikrit University, with the aim of extracting anthocyanin pigments from some plant sources, including gujarat, red cabbage, beet, red carrots and red radish grown in Salah al-Din Governorate , Several solvents were used to extract the anthocyanin pigments from the above samples, including (water, ethanol, a mixture of both water and ethanol, water and ethanol and hydrochloric acid, water and ethanol and acetic acid, water and ethanol and citric acid), In order to determine the optimal conditions for extraction using different solutions and to evaluate production efficiency, the percentage of extracted anthocyanin pigments was determined the anthocyanins extracted from Gujarat were higher than the rest of the plant samples , The mixture of water and ethanol and acetic acid was the best extraction solvent for all studied samples , Gujarat gave the highest percentage of extracted anthocyanins compared to the rest of the studied samples, as the amount of extracted anthocyanins reached 567.33 mg/100 g. As well as the stability of the pigment was estimated towards temperature, pH and a number of different solutions, The results of the stability of anthocyanin pigments extracted from plant samples at different temperatures for 10 minutes showed that the high stability of anthocyanin pigments extracted from Gujarat was at 20-50°C and that extracted from red cabbage at 20-40°C and beet pigment at temperatures from 20-60°C, while the anthocyanin pigment extracted from red carrots had a high stability at 20-60°C, while the highest stability of red radish pigment was at a temperature ranging from 20-40°C. The results of the effect of pH on the stability of anthocyanin dyes were also clarified by using different values of pH that ranged between 2-10 for 30 minutes , The high stability of the anthocyanin pigment extracted from Gujarat was at pH 2- 4 and extracted from red cabbage at pH 2-5, While the anthocyanin pigment extracted from beet showed the highest stability at acidic conditions ranging from 2-6, while the anthocyanin pigment extracted from red carrots had high stability at pH ranging from 2-5, While the highest stability of anthocyanin pigment extracted from red radish was at pH 2-4. The results showed the effect of different solutions of (distilled water, methanol, ethanol and acetone) on the stability of anthocyanin dyes , The maximum wavelength (λ-max) was at 540 nm for Gujarat extract when using ethanol and red cabbage extract at 530 nm when using ethanol, while the maximum wavelength for beetroot extract was at 420 nm when using distilled water , While the maximum wavelength of red carrot extract was at 530 nm when using ethanol and red radish extract at 410 nm when using distilled water.

This study aims 1) to analyze and determine the income of traders before and after the relocation of the Tenggilis Mejoyo flower market in Surabaya 2) to analyze the perception of traders on the social conditions of the relocation of the Tenggilis Mejoyo flower market in Surabaya and 3) to determine the management impact of the relocation of the Tenggilis Mejoyo flower market in Surabaya. The research location was chosen purposively with a method of determining the location of the research which was determined intentionally based on the considerations of the Tenggilis Mejoyo Flower Market which is a relocation place from the Prapen Flower Market. Traders who are taken as respondents are traders at the Tenggilis Mejoyo Flower Market, Surabaya where the traders who will be sampled are 30 people. The data analysis method used is statistical analysis t test or different test (t test) with two averages (paired-samples t test) with test equipment using SPSS 21 software, Likert scale analysis and descriptive analysis. The results showed that it was concluded that the analysis of the income before and after the traders from the relocation of the economic conditions of the traders at the Tenggilis Mejoyo Flower Market was in the bad category because it was influenced by the decline in income and expenses compared to the income in the previous market. Traders' perceptions of social conditions from the relocation of the social conditions of traders at Tenggilis Mejoyo Flower Market which are influenced by traders to customers, traders to traders, traders to the community, traders to suppliers and traders to facilities or access are in good category. Management of the social and economic impact of the relocation of the Tenggilis Mejoyo Flower Market is that there are several strategies, namely to increase customers to come to the Tenggilis Mejoyo flower market, there must be support from the government and the community so that old and new customers know about the relocation of the Tenggilis Mejoyo flower market by making the flower market icon in Tenggilis Mejoyo District.

The paper studied the internal and external sources of armed banditry in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 360 respondents that were selected for the study. A multi stage and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents. Descriptive statistical tools (mean, percentages, frequency distribution) were used for data analysis. The results of the study reveals that majority of the respondents were married with an average household size of 8 persons and income level of less than N 20,000/month. Proliferation of small arms and weapon and widespread poverty accounted for the causes of conflict with 90% and 91% respectively. Majority 71.9% of the respondents indicates that the conflict is externally induced. Also, 75.3% of the respondents experienced armed conflict. Based on the finding of the study, it could be concluded that rural banditry poses poor economic growth, increased rural poverty, poor participation and poor programme implementation and induces fear and uncertainty. The study therefore, recommend that urgent provision of adequate security personnel to Mann the porous borders, prompt enrollment of the vulnerable into government social investment programmes, organize training/seminars for peace building purpose and also government should register all mining site and their activities properly monitored.

Existence factor reason condition not optimal, including no have a capable operator operate tool, or mismatch tool with condition land. However from results field observations, no optimal utilization alsintan help the influenced also by lack of motivation performance commander of the Alsintan Brigade for optimizing use alsintan help, like case businessman service alsintan independent who earns alsintan with cost alone. Study this aim for analyze factors what affects the performance of the Alsintan Brigade, for analyze impact social and the resulting economy the existence of the Alsintan Brigade Program and for analyze Development of the Alsintan Brigade Program in the District Sidoarjo. Location study chosen purposively in Sidoarjo Regency because it is the recipient of the Alsintan Brigade Program. amount population that does not many so technique taking sample use technique census where all member population Becomes sample that is totaling 28 people alsintan brigade performance and 2 people from service agriculture. The analysis in this study uses descriptive analysis and Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The results of the study show that the factors that have a significant positive effect on the performance of the Alsintan brigade are the variables of ability and expertise, work motivation, job satisfaction, facilities and assistance of field workers with a value of 0.896 each; 2,115; 1,449; 1,224; 1.239 which is greater than the P-values. While the factors that do not have a significant effect are personality and organizational environment  with  values  of  -0.148  and  -0.054,  respectively,  where the p-values are smaller. The development of the alsintan brigade performance in Sidoarjo Regency, namely the addition of machinery and equipment infrastructure needs to be added, the availability of rural energy, the services of the alsintan brigade management in managing funds, management of machinery and equipment operator services based on local rural resources and the professionalism of the workforce in rural areas.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a popular vegetable. This crop is one of the most commonly recognized and used species of the Malvaceae family. Okra is known by many different local names around the world, such as (Bamia) in Iraq and Arab countries. The promotion of native genotypes can help limit the impact of pests that harm crops for their long-term settlement in these geographical regions but the introduction of new genotypes from plants increased pest and disease incidence. Despite the significant production of the concealed genotypes, the whitefly was infected more in the local genotypes. Where the density of insects varies by period, the maximum was 60 days after germination and the lowest after 30 days, which differed considerably among them. The percentage loss in plant height and production also demonstrated a clear effect of the whitefly, which considerably lowered plant height and productivity. The concentration of phosphorus and calcium in plant leaves decreased significantly in the genotypes affected by the insect, although potassium and total phenols rose in the leaves of plants infected with the insect.

The aim identify some heavy metals and organochlorine and phosphorous pesticides in Indian meat found in the markets of Salah Al-Din Governorate and compare it with local meat (cattle and sheep) and then compare with the internationally recommended maximum limits to assess the quality and safety of products selected for consumption. The results follows: (1) The lead recorded in local sheep meat (3.24 ppm), while local beef and imported meat recorded 2.88, 2.71 ppm, respectively. All concentrations t exceeded the internationally permissible limits (0.1 ppm), (2) The cadmium recorded in local beef (4.18 ppm), while local sheep and imported recorded 1.38, 1.85 ppm, respectively. All cadmium concentrations exceeded the internationally permissible limits (0.05 ppm), (3) The copper recorded in local beef (7.74 ppm), while local sheep meat and imported meat recorded 7.56 and 7.06 ppm, respectively. All copper concentrations exceeded the permissible limits (2 ppm), respectively and (4) The zinc recorded in imported meat (40.33 ppm), while local beef and sheep recorded 39.01 and 38.89 ppm, respectively. All zinc concentrations detected in the studied meat within the internationally permissible limits (10-50 ppm). The results analysis of the selected samples indicated the diagnosis of 13 pesticide residues in 10 samples out of 30 samples, i.e., 33% of the tested samples. The imported meat recorded the highest percentage of pesticides, while the meat of Tikrit sheep was free of residues and the presence of one residue was observed in Both Sharqat sheep meat and Tikrit beef. The most abundant pesticide is Hexamethylphosphoramide, which was found in 4 samples.

The word "coronavirus" alludes to the spikes on the virus's surface that resemble crowns. Coronaviruses are members of the Nidovirales order and belong to the family Coronaviridae. There are four subgroups of the coronavirus family: Alpha (a), beta (b), gamma (c) and delta (d). According to reports, this coronavirus belongs to the beta group. The global spread of the coronavirus, which originated in Wuhan City in the Chinese province of Hubei, is accelerating. The symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific and the two most prevalent ones are fever (88%) and dry cough (12%) (68 percent). Less frequent symptoms include headache, diarrhoea and vomiting. Coronavirus is transmitted from human to human via airborne droplets or from animal to human (zoonotic). Coronavirus enters the human cell through the membrane ACE-2 exopeptidase receptor. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. Despite not being a sexually transmitted disease, COVID-19 may still be transferred by direct touches including kissing, intimate physical contact and fecal-oral routes. There are not many publications on the clinical characteristics of expectant moms who are COVID-19 positive. The changes in maternal physiology and immunological function that take place during pregnancy may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women, as well as their risk of having more severe clinical outcomes. From the 20 studies that were taken into consideration, 156 pregnant women with COVID-19 and 108 neonatal outcomes were found. Premature membrane rupture (8%) and intrauterine/fetal distress (14%) were the most frequent maternal/fetal problems. Breathlessness (6%), gastrointestinal problems (4%) and fever (3%) were all typical newborn clinical signs of COVID-19. Pregnancy issues, including premature delivery and PPROM, are more likely to occur when a woman has a COVID-19 infection and in rare instances, maternal death may result. No evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may be transmitted vertically to an unborn child.

Shallot farming is still an option in agribusiness in the horticulture sector. Farmers in Pacet Sub-district, Mojokerto Regency began farming shallots in the 1990s. Although currently garlic has great potential to be cultivated, farmers in Pacet District are still reluctant to change the cropping pattern they have been doing and tend to close themselves off to other alternative farming commodities that can be more profitable than their usual farming business. . This study aims to analyze the feasibility of onion farming and analyze the influence of internal, external factors and determine the most dominant factor on the motivation of farmers in onion farming in Pacet Village, Pacet District. The research location was chosen purposively with a method of determining the location of the research which was determined intentionally based on considerations in Pacet Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency, which is a center for shallot-producing commodities in Pacet District. The sample used in this research method is 50 farmers. The analysis in this study uses statistical analysis of IBM SPSS version 27 and analysis of the R/C ratio (Return Cost Ratio) and B/C ratio (Benefit Cost Ratio). The results of the shallot farming research in Pacet Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency are considered profitable and feasible to be developed. There are two dominant factors that motivate farmers to choose shallot farming over other commodities. The most dominant factor is the role of farmer groups and the second is the role of agricultural extension workers.

By assessing the complement system serum levels (C3, C4), this investigation sought to investigate the humeral immunity and genetic variation of β-globin genes in Beta Thalassemia Major (BTM) patients at the thalassemia centre at Al-Karama hospital. Eighty BTM patients, aged 6 to 25, have been participated in the investigation. The patients were divided into three groups based on how old they were. Most people were between the ages of 11 and 20 (47.5%). While there were 29:80 (36.25%) patients under 10 years old and 13:80 (16.25%) patients over 20 years old.As a result, A PCR examination of the β-globin gene's genetic variation found no difference in the PCR product's band size. Sequencing findings indicated nucleotide alterations, such as (A) to (C) at location (250), (T) to (C) at location (426), (C) to (A) at location (623), (G) to (A) at location (630) and (T) to (A) at location (724). Moreover, β-thalassemia patients' β-globin genes have three transversion mutations and two transition mutations. Serum C3 levels were found to be lower in BTM patients aged 11-20 years and beyond 20 years compared to those aged 10 years or less, however there was no discernible variation in serum C4 levels across age groups of BTM patients.

The current study focused on diagnosing pharyngitis induced by beta-Streptococcus group A (GAS). The most causative agent of pharyngitis is viral and the second is a bacterial infection. Prescribing antibiotics without confirming the source of infection is not recommended and should not be applied in that case. Our results involved 150 children with sore throats and fever. A novel rapid chromatography immunoassay kit (Group A Streptococcus diagnostic, USA) was used to detect Streptococcus pyogenes antigen in the samples. FDA approved the equipment as a quick test to differentiate between viral and streptococcus pharyngitis. Data showed that 60 (40%) of patients were positive for GAS, while 90 (60%) were negative. The current study spots light on the pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus type A to prevent or minimise the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics.

The relationship between Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) and the level of welfare of farmers as producers can be seen from the position of It which is in the enumerator of the NTP figure. Brenjonk Organic Village, which is a village in Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, where the majority of local residents use their rice fields and yards for organic farming business activities. This study aims to analyze the average Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP) of organic rice, to analyze the factors that affect the Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) of organic rice and to analyze the management of the impact of NTP on the welfare of organic rice farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village. The research location was in the Brenjonk Organic Village, Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency which was chosen by a method of determining the research location which was determined based on the consideration that the Brenjonk Organic Village was considered one of the development areas of organic farming areas that affected the exchange rate of farmers. The author chose the sample using a saturated sampling technique because the population is relatively small. So that the sample used in this study amounted to 35 people. The analysis in this study uses descriptive analysis, regression and Farmer's Exchange Rate. The results of the study that simultaneously the effect of the variables of land area, farming costs, household costs and real income at the 95% level. On average, the sample farmer exchange rate in the research area is 102. The management of the impact of the farmer exchange rate on the welfare of farmers is to take advantage of high market demand or always needed, high public consumption so that production can still be increased with the level of farm maintenance, facilities and adequate and readily available infrastructure to enhance the experience.

Research on the profitability and efficiency of dairy cattle business is very important to be carried out as a material consideration in making decisions about the use of technology with the aim of increasing production while increasing the profitability of farmers. This study aims to analyze the income of the dairy cattle business and to analyze the profitability of the dairy cattle business in Cepokolimo Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency. The location of the research was deliberately carried out in Cepokolimo Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency. The determination of the research location in Cepokolimo Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency was chosen with several considerations as the research location. Pacet Subdistrict was chosen as the research location on the consideration that it is an agropolitan area with cow's milk as the main commodity which has difficulty developing its business, it can be seen from the milk productivity and dairy cow population in Pacet Subdistrict, especially in Cepokolimo Village which has not increased during the last two decades. The sample in the study was 10 farmers each member so that a total of 50 farmers were sampled. The analysis in this study uses the analysis of income and profitability. The result of this research is that the income of the dairy farming business is Rp. 94,591,600 per year on average. The amount of income is sufficient and can be said to be successful because the costs incurred both fixed costs and variable costs can be paid off, besides that farmers also get the difference in profit or profit. This indicates that if the NPM is greater than 5%, which is 38.99%, it can be said that the dairy farming business in Cepokolimo Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency is efficient and profitable to implement.

Research and development of antimicrobial compounds from various sources have recently attracted more attention in an effort to prevent microbial resistance, therefore need to screen and evaluate the ability of bacteria to inhibit or effect on other selected microorganism. In this search the Bacillus spp. was isolated from poultry/animal wastes then identified and assayed the ability to inhibit identified Aspergillus niger inhibitory zone was created via the diffusion in agar wells method and this refer to use this property to apply on other microorganism.

It is known that the best genotype to produce the highest yield in the mixture of pollination, it is the hybrid and then the synthetic variety, due to the weakness of hybrid production technologies in Iraq, necessary to produce synthetic items, which has a good percentage of hybrid strength, keep production for 4-5 years or more, if there was no genetic confusion or deterioration in it as a result of an external cause, as the hybrid yield decreased in the second generation, based on a loss of 50%, 33% and 25% of the hybrid vigor, if the hybrid was dichotomous, triplet or tetraploid in succession, according to Hardy-Weinberg's law. It is very necessary when devising synthetic varieties, determining the optimum number of strains that are included in their development, Polycross, to improve its genetic base, increasing the production capacity to ensure the benefit of the hybrid power in its ability to combine, as self-pollination and multiple crosses, helps focus the desired genes, a number of important traits that are already present in the breeds are combined in one genotype.

The use of biodegradable nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvant with entrapped antigens represents an exciting approach for controlling the release of vaccine antigens and optimizing the desired immune response. Because of the natural components of nanoliposomes, we investigated the ability of prepared nanoliposomes, as a nanoadjuvant, to entrap soluble Leismania donovani antigens (SLAs) in order to be used in a vaccine against Leishmaniasis. In this study, parasite reactivation was carried out when inoculated into RPMI and incubated at 23°C for 4 days. Inoculum (104 promastigote/ml) of 4 days was used to inoculate modified medium of Saline-Neopeptone and Blood agar 9 (SNB9) to produce promastigote mass. SLAs were extracted from the promastigotes ghost membrane after fourth passages of subculturing in SNB9. The extracted SLAs then entrapped in nanoliposomes prepared freshly. Lipids mixture of 4 mM Phosphatidylcholine, 2.2 mM Cholesterol and 0.55 mM Phosphatidylethanolamine in a ratio of 7:2:1 was depended in two nanoliposome preparation methods. Physio-chemical characterizations of prepared nanoliposomes was performed by using SEM and Zeta Potential assays to determine the size, morphology, chemical active group and charge. The nanoliposomes Entrapment Efficiency (EE) to entrap SLAs was determined. The percentage of EE was 50 and 27.5 of SLAs entrapped nanoliposomes prepared by Sephadex G25 and SephadexG75, respectively. Moreover, stability of SLAs entrapped nanoliposomes was examined at 4 and 37°C storage temperature.

Group development is a series of activities that enable/empower a collection of community members who have a common goal. The group development process starts with an introduction to the program, continues with a participatory study of rural conditions and is strengthened when the community feels they need to share tasks and responsibilities in carrying out the activities needed to address the problems they face. This study aims to identify farming patterns and analyze rice farming income, to identify a model of cooperation between smallholders and rice farming land owners and to analyze the development of a model for fostering rice farming farmers to increase rice production in Sukodono District, Sidoarjo Regency. The data is divided into primary data and secondary data, primary data obtained from interviews with a total sample of 41 people. The analysis in this study uses descriptive analysis and income analysis. The results of the study that the amount of income is sufficient and can be said to be successful because the costs incurred both fixed costs and variable costs can be paid, besides that farmers also get the difference in profit or profit. The model of cooperation between sharecroppers and rice farming land owners in Sukodono District has various forms, there are 4 types, namely PT or TKD land leases, owner land leases, maro and poro telu. The cooperation model that needs to be recommended for smallholders is renting the owner's land. The development of a model for fostering rice farming cultivators to increase production in Sukodono District, namely the model used is counseling, demonstration and training. The strategy is to develop the potential of human resources and institutional development. The development of human resource potential is carried out through improving the attitudes and morals of the farming families. Institutional development is carried out through revamping the Poktan and Gapoktan.

Farmers consider the funds to be grants from the Government that do not need to be repaid. Some farmers use PUAP funds as a reserve for other businesses outside of agriculture for household non-food consumption, so that the implementation of the PUAP program in each farmer group continues and some does not. This study aims to analyze internal and external factors that become strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for the sustainability of the PUAP program and formulate strategies for community empowerment through the implementation of the sustainability of the PUAP program in Mojokerto Regency. The total sample of farmers used in this study was 20 sample farmers with 10 sample farmers receiving PUAP with current payments and 10 sample farmers with non-performing payments. The sample used in this study were 7 key informants. The analysis in this study uses descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The results of the research show that the strategy for the sustainability of the Rural Agribusiness Development Program (PUAP) is an aggressive strategy in quadrant I with the SO strategy, namely developing farming businesses by increasing the types of commodities cultivated and expanding markets and developing and strengthening existing marketing networks.

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences-College of Agriculture and in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Tikrit University for the period from 1/9/2021 until 29/11/2021 with the aim of identifying the therapeutic ability of S. platensis at a concentration of 150 mg/ml and AgNPs at a concentration 10 mg/ml on the health status of blood pictures and white blood cell in healthy and experimental hyperlipidemia. The results showed a significant increase in the values of Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Hemoglobin estimation (Hb) and the proportion of Hematocrit (Hct) for healthy groups given orally of AgNPs (T1) and Spirulina (T2) or of both (T3) and for groups treated by oral administration of AgNPs (T5) and Spirulina (T6) or both (T7) compared to the T4 infestation group whose values for the above criteria were 6.49×10⁶/mm³, 11.16 g/dl, 37.86%, respectively. As for the values of MCH and MCHC, they decreased significantly in the healthy and treated groups compared to the infection group. Oral administration of AgNPs and Spirulina also caused a significant decrease in the healthy groups T1, T2, T3 and treated T5, T6 and T7 groups compared with the infected group in total and differential numbers of white blood cells.

The aim identify some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, zinc) in some parts of the sheep's body. gy. results showed that there were no significant differences between the two study sites on the concentration of heavy metals. The lead was recorded in the meat of sheep of the city of Tikrit and Shirqat (3.24, 2.88 ppm, respectively), The cadmium was in meat Shirqat and Tikrit (1.40, 1.32 ppm, respectively), while copper was of Shirqat and Tikrit (8.34 ,6.78 ppm, respectively), zinc in sheep meat in Sharqat district and Tikrit (42.18, 35.60 ppm, respectively). All concentrations in local meat exceeded the permissible limits internationally, except for zinc, which is within the permissible values. The lead was recorded in sheep liver of Al-Sharqat and Tikrit (5.42, 2.29 ppm, respectively). The cadmium in sheep liver of Tikrit city and Shirqat (1.90 and 1.92 ppm, respectively). The copper in the liver was in the sheep of Shirqat and Tikrit (9.98, 7.42 ppm, respectively). The copper and zinc were within the safe and acceptable ranges, while lead and cadmium exceeded the permissible limits MRLs. The concentration of lead was in kidney of Sheep in Tikrit and Shirqat (3.13, 2.53 ppm, respectively). The cadmium was recorded in the kidney of sheep Tikrit (1.40 ppm). The zinc was in the sheep of Shirqat district and Tikrit (67.83, 62.67 ppm). The copper was within the permissible limits (MRLs), while lead, cadmium and zinc exceeded those limits.

The results of the molecular diagnosis by PCR and Rt PCR techniques showed the presence of Potato leafroll virus Polerovirus (PLRV) and this was also confirmed by molecular detection of its protein coat gene CP2 in the fields of Al-Alam, Samarra, Balad and the field of study, in addition to the Alfamovirus Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), which showed The results of the molecular diagnosis and its presence in the fields of Dujail district. The results indicated that there was a noticeable difference between the treatments in the percentage of viral infection as it was found that the superiority was significant for the treatment of the algae A. circinalis and N. commune at the first dilution over the rest of the experimental treatments, as the percentage of viral infection in this treatment was at the lowest level and It reached 6.61%, as for the cultivars, the Burin cultivar was significantly superior to all the cultivars included in the experiment by showing the lowest rate of viral infection rate of 27.69% compared to the Arizona variety, which gave the highest infection rate of 40.01%.

The success of community institutions can be seen from the model of community institutions in increasing farmer productivity in organic vegetable farming, so that in this case the number of organic vegetables produced is increasing. In carrying out farming activities, namely activities in producing organic vegetables, the community is expected to be able to overcome or minimize related problems and maximize organic farming. This study aims to analyze the costs and income of implementing the community's role in the organic vegetable farming model and to analyze the factors that determine community performance in the organic vegetable farming model in the organic community of Brenjonk Trawas, Mojokerto Regency. The research location was chosen purposively with a method of determining the location of the research which was determined intentionally based on regional considerations in which there were organic farmers in which one of the areas in Mojokerto Regency had the potential with high production levels and had organic groups/communities. The sample used in this research method is 31 farmers and several stakeholders. The analysis in this study uses income analysis and analysis of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach based on Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the study of farming costs incurred by farmers before joining the brenjonk community were smaller than after participating in the community. The income and income of farmers after joining the brenjonk community is higher than before joining the community. Community external factors have a positive and significant effect on the performance of the brenjonk community. The community competence factor has a positive but not significant effect on the performance of the brenjonk community.

The relationship of soil with its surroundings (soil, plants and atmosphere) and human intervention practices, which impact soil quality and productivity, is a topic of much debate. Consequently, the study's purpose was to characterize and diagnose the agricultural soils in the Zummar area northwest of Nineveh Governorate, to identify these soils' morphological, chemical and physical characteristics. According to the results, all soils had a low electrical conductivity and a low alkaline soil pH. They were light brown to dark brown in color in both wet and dry situations. The soil structure was granular or angular blocky in the surface horizons and angular blocky in the subsurface horizons, while it was structureless in site P2. Additionally, the soil's consistency varied depending on whether it was wet or dry, being friable at sites (P1 and P2) when wet and hard to extremely hard in the other sites when it was dry. The textures of all soils ranged from clay, silty clay and clay loom, with high bulk density values of surface horizons. The results also revealed a range in MWD values, with L12, L13, L8, L11 and P5 sites recording the greatest values (3.30, 3.15, 3.0, 3.0 and 3.0 mm), respectively and L9 and P2 recording the lowest values (1.95 and 1.95 mm), respectively.