The aim of the study is to identify the impact of the method of inclusion in the development of creative thinking and cognitive and applied achievement of the skill of serving from above in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental approach and conducted the study on a sample of 40 students, where they were divided into two groups. containment and the second used the usual teaching method, each group used its own teaching style with two teaching units per week, with a time of 90 minutes in one teaching unit, for a period of 4 weeks and after processing the data statistically, it was found that there were statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements in favor of measurement The posttest of the experimental group members in the development of creative thinking and the cognitive and applied achievement of the skill of sending the confrontation from above in volleyball and the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurement and in favor of the post measurement for the members of the control group in the development of cognitive and applied achievement of the skill of sending directed from the top in volleyball, as well The post-statistical data indicated that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in developing creative thinking and cognitive achievement of the skill of serving from above in volleyball, compared to the control group.

Introduction: Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune condition with no known etiology that is marked by excessive collagen deposition in the skin and internal organs, the production of autoantibodies and small vessels vasculopathy. The major manifestation of renal involvement is Scleroderma Renal Crisis (SRC). Aim of Study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of renal involvement SSc was found in a group of Iraqi patients. Subjects and Methods: This case-control study involve consecutive samples of 50 patients diagnosed with SSc and compared with another 59 healthy controls. Results: The majority of patients were with stage1 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (82%). The frequency of patients with CKD of stage 2 and stage 3-a were signifcantly higher among hypertensive scleroderma patients in comparison to normotensive patients. There was no significant association (p = 0.3) between the gender of the scleroderma patients and CKD. There was a significant association (p = 0.02) between the duration of the scleroderma in term of early and late disease and CKD as there were a higher frequency of patients of late disease phase with stage 2 and 3 of CKD. The results also showed that out of 9 patients with renal impairment; 5 had digital tip ulcer and 4 had dysphagia. There was a significant association between using of steroids and renal impairment. Conclusions: 1. The prevalence of renal impairment among SSc patients was higher (18%) compared to controls (1.7%) 2. The prevalence of hypertension in SSc is obviously increasing 3. Steroid use is a predictor of renal impairment in SSc patients.

Background: National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale survey conducted in India to provide high quality data on health and related issues. Studying the time trend for anemia prevalence and other related parameters reported in NFHS surveys helps how well India has performed until now and to assess the trend of anemia prevalence in Himachal Pradesh over last 15 years among children under 5 years and women of reproductive age group reported in NFHS 3, NFHS 4 & NFHS 5 fact sheets. Materials and Methods: Secondary data from previous 15 years report of NFHS were studied thoroughly and data on prevalence of anemia among age group (6-59 months and 15-49 years’ females) were analyzed. Comparison of prevalence of anemia in India and Himachal Pradesh (H.P). Further districts of HP were compared to check intra-district discrepancies. Results: Prevalence of anemia in India has increased in all age groups but maximum of 9% was among children under 5 years in last 5 years. Whereas in Himachal Pradesh the prevalence has overall decreased except in children under 5 years, an increase of 2% was seen. Among 12 districts Kinnaur has performed better (decrease of 30%). Conclusion: Ever since the inception of anemia monitoring in NFHS, a declining trend was observed for all groups in the successive surveys up to NFHS 4, but a rise was observed in NFHS-5 for all but most prominent in under 5 children. Therefore, more efforts and dedicated work need to be done to improve the status of anemia.

Sodium fluoride causes increased oxidative stress and increased free radicals, which cause kidney disorders and can cause ischemia. This requires Ziziphus spina-christi extract for its antioxidant properties and to scavenge free radicals. The purpose of this research is to ascertain whether the alcoholic extract of the fruit of the Ziziphus spina-christi tree can reduce oxidative stress and renal disorders resulting from exposure to sodium fluoride (Naf) in male albino rats. 40 albino male rats were divided into 4 groups, each with 10 rats. The first group, Control: was dosed orally with 5 mL/kg distilled water. The second group, Ziziphus: was dosed orally with the alcoholic extract of Sidr fruits 200 mg/kg daily for three months at a dose of 3 ml. The third group, Naf: was injected peritoneally with a sodium fluoride solution 50 mg/kg every other day for 3 months at a dose of 0.1 mL. The fourth group, Ziziphus Naf+: was injected peritoneally with 50 mg/kg of a sodium fluoride solution (every other day) for 3 months, after which it was dosed with 200 mg/kg of the alcoholic extract of Sidr fruits at the same dose for the second and third groups. In a study, male rats were injected with sodium fluoride (Naf) intraperitoneally, resulting in increased kidney function concentrations and MDA levels. However, antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD and CAT) were significantly decreased in the third group compared to the first group. In the second group, the antioxidant enzymes were increased, while the third group showed a decrease. The kidneys of the third group showed histological changes, including collapse of the renal glomerulus, atrophy and damage to the cortex. The fourth group showed improvement in kidney function, with normal glomerulus, small expansion in Bowman's space and improvement in convoluted tubules. The combined treatment showed similar improvements to the control group and the second group. The study reveals that the alcoholic extract of Ziziphus fruits exhibits high antioxidant activity, effectively reducing the effects of NaF injections on the kidneys of male albino rats.

Good dietary practices are an important ingredient in managing type 2 diabetes. This study assesses dietary practices among type 2 diabetes attending primary health care centres in Kirkuk City. The descriptive approach was used to study dietary practices for people with type 2 diabetes. The study was carried out on a total of 120 persons with type 2 diabetes of both sexes, 58 males and 62 females, attending the primary health care centers. To meet the study's goals, the sample was chosen using a purposive sample (non-probability), which was carried out in primary health centres in the first and second sectors in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Data was gathered using the interview technique for each participant from (2nd March up to 2nd August 2023, by utilizing a structured questionnaire. Version 22 of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data that were gathered. The results of the study revealed that out of all participants, only 20.8% had good dietary practices, 72.5% had moderate dietary practices and 6.7% had poor levels of dietary practices. There were statistically significant differences in the dietary practices of diabetic patients according to age, knowledge about diabetic healthy nutrition, consulting a dietician and education level of patients. According to the results concluding, less than a quarter of diabetic patients had good dietary practices. There are differences in dietary practices attributable to variables (age, educational levels, knowledge about diabetic nutrition and consulting a dietician). Therefore, good dietary practices among diabetic patients require improvement due to inadequacy.

Background: Empowering women's health requires addressing awareness gaps in reproductive health, particularly concerning uterine fibroids and uterine cancer. This study focuses on the reproductive age women of District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, aiming to assess and enhance awareness levels in this unique regional context. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August 2023 and November 2023. The study included 400 women of reproductive age, residing in District Solan for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire assessed socio-demographics, uterine fibroids and uterine cancer knowledge. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, employing descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 400 participants, 61% were from rural and 39% from urban areas. While 81% were familiar with "Uterine fibroids" and "Uterine Cancer," knowledge gaps were evident, with 30% understanding risk factors and 28.25% aware of preventive measures. Health-seeking behavior was positive, with 53.5% undergoing regular screenings. Participants relied on healthcare providers (47%) and workshops (25.5%) for information. Suggestions for improvement included targeted campaigns and community workshops. Comparison with previous studies in India highlighted regional nuances and healthcare-seeking behavior. Conclusion: The study reveals moderate awareness levels, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Addressing regional disparities and enhancing community engagement are crucial for effective reproductive health initiatives. The findings contribute to the literature, providing a foundation for tailored interventions in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Probiotics are increasingly considered for pediatric healthcare, but scientific consensus on their effectiveness is lacking. Gut microbiota, crucial for digestion, metabolism and immunity, develop rapidly in early life and are influenced by factors like nutrition. Probiotics could interact with essential nutrients like vitamins A, B12, calcium and vitamin D3, potentially improving child health. However, strain-specificity and long-term effects of probiotics add complexity. The rising trend of "natural" treatments calls for rigorous scientific investigation, especially given ethical concerns about commercial interests in probiotics and supplements. Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 pediatric participants, 60 of whom took probiotics from three different companies while 40 served as a control group. Parents provided detailed data on their children's dietary supplements and a pediatric nurse recorded anthropometric parameters like height, weight and head circumference. Blood samples were collected from each child and analyzed to assess levels of essential nutrients calcium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D3 and Vitamin A using various commercial kits and instruments. Results: In a pediatric study involving 100 participants, the use of probiotics showed significant positive health outcomes. Specifically, 66% of children in the probiotic group were found to be healthy compared to just 18% in the control group (Chi-square = 30.159, p = 0.001). However, there were no significant impacts on anthropometric measurements like weight, head size and length (p-values well above 0.05). The study also found statistically significant differences in nutrient levels between groups. Vitamin D, Calcium, Vitamin A and Vitamin B12 levels were all notably higher in the probiotic group, with p-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.001. Furthermore, specific types of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus Acidophilus and Lactobacillus Bifidus, were more effective in influencing nutrient levels. The Pearson correlation matrix revealed strong correlations among anthropometric measures but not between these and nutrient levels, suggesting distinct impacts of probiotics on health outcomes and nutrient absorption. Conclusion: This study strongly advocates for the expanded exploration of probiotics, not merely as an instrument for mitigating disease, but also as a viable avenue for enhancing the absorption or metabolism of essential nutrients in pediatric cohorts. The data intimates that individualized probiotic regimens, tailored to address specific health requisites, could yield optimal results. Moreover, the research emphasizes the imperative for additional investigative work to clarify the underlying mechanisms responsible for these observed effects.

Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing has evolved as a cornerstone in the assessment of auditory function, particularly in infants. This review article comprehensively explores the applications, methodology, clinical utility and interpretation of ABR testing in the context of infant audiology. ABR, a non-invasive electrophysiological technique, elicits and records neural responses along the auditory pathway, providing invaluable insights into auditory processing, neural integrity and hearing thresholds in infants who are unable to provide behavioral responses. The article begins by elucidating the underlying physiological principles of ABR generation, outlining the sequence of neural events and waveform components that reflect different stages of auditory processing. A thorough examination of the practical considerations for ABR testing in infants is presented, encompassing electrode placement, stimulus parameters and sedation protocols to ensure accurate and reliable recordings. The evolving methodologies, including tone burst, click and chirp stimuli, are critically reviewed for their respective advantages and limitations. The clinical applications of ABR testing in the infant population are expounded, spanning both diagnostic and screening contexts. ABR plays a pivotal role in diagnosing Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD), a complex condition characterized by abnormal auditory nerve function. Moreover, ABR assists in the identification of hearing loss in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and serves as a valuable tool in newborn hearing screening programs. The integration of ABR into a comprehensive diagnostic battery is explored, elucidating its synergy with other assessments such as Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and behavioral testing. Interpretation of ABR results is a multifaceted endeavor that demands a nuanced understanding of waveform morphology, latency-intensity functions and interaural comparisons. This article provides a comprehensive guide to the interpretation of ABR findings, encompassing the distinction between normal and abnormal responses, estimation of hearing thresholds and the recognition of waveform asymmetries that may signal underlying pathologies. The challenges and limitations of ABR testing in infants are addressed, including factors that contribute to variability in results such as developmental maturation, sedation effects and electrode artifact. Strategies to mitigate these challenges through advanced signal processing techniques and data-driven algorithms are explored, shedding light on the evolving landscape of ABR interpretation. Finally, the article underscores the symbiotic relationship between ABR testing and clinical decision-making, emphasizing the role of ABR in tailoring interventions and rehabilitation strategies. A case-based approach illustrates the application of ABR in diverse clinical scenarios, showcasing its efficacy in optimizing treatment plans and therapeutic outcomes.

Background: Regional anesthesia techniques, including epidurals, spinals and nerve blocks, play a pivotal role in modern perioperative pain management. Their application offers advantages such as targeted pain relief and reduced opioid consumption. This study assesses the knowledge and understanding of these techniques among Resident Anesthetists in Himachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Junior and Senior Residents of Anesthesia working in Medical Colleges in Himachal Pradesh. A robust sample size of 100 was determined. A questionnaire containing 20 structured knowledge-related questions was utilized. Data were collected through online modes and statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The participants exhibited commendable knowledge across various aspects of regional anesthesia. Notably, 88% correctly understood the primary goal of regional anesthesia and its distinctions from general anesthesia. Furthermore, participants demonstrated proficiency in differentiating between epidural and spinal anesthesia techniques (81% correct responses) and explaining their indications (76% correct responses). The participants also displayed strong knowledge regarding anatomical landmarks for lumbar epidural placement (72% correct responses) and were aware of potential complications and contraindications of epidural anesthesia (71% correct responses). Moreover, they exhibited understanding of nerve blocks, including brachial plexus nerve blocks (67% correct responses), axillary nerve blocks (62% correct responses) and sciatic nerve blocks (61% correct responses). The importance of monitoring during regional anesthesia procedures was recognized (74% correct responses). In terms of patient consent and documentation, 81% of participants provided correct descriptions. Conclusion: The study reveals that Resident Anesthetists in Himachal Pradesh possess commendable knowledge of regional anesthesia techniques and their applications. Their proficiency in understanding the nuances of these techniques bodes well for patient care. Continuous education and training in regional anesthesia can further enhance their competence, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare standards in the region.

Hearing impairment in school-age children is a significant public health concern that can have profound effects on their educational, social and emotional development. Early identification and intervention are crucial for minimizing the impact of hearing loss. This review article comprehensively examines the current practices and methodologies employed in the audiologic evaluation of school-age children with suspected hearing impairment. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth analysis of the various aspects of audiological evaluation, including the assessment of auditory function, diagnostic techniques and intervention strategies. The article synthesizes the existing literature to offer an up-to-date understanding of the challenges and advancements in this field. The review begins by discussing the prevalence and etiology of hearing impairment in school-age children, encompassing congenital, acquired and progressive causes. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection through newborn hearing screening programs and school-based screenings. The subsequent sections delve into the diverse battery of audiologic tests available for evaluating different aspects of auditory function, such as pure-tone audiometry, speech Audiometry, Immittance Measures, Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs) and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing. The comparative analysis of these methods highlights their respective strengths and limitations in diagnosing hearing impairment and differentiating it from other auditory disorders. Furthermore, this review sheds light on the challenges encountered in assessing hearing impairment in school-age children, including issues related to cooperation, attention and test-retest reliability. It explores the role of behavioral observation, questionnaires and electrophysiological measures in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. The integration of multiple assessment tools is emphasized to form a comprehensive evaluation approach. Diagnostic techniques aside, the review also addresses the psychological and educational impact of hearing impairment on school-age children. It discusses the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving audiologists, educators, speech-language pathologists and psychologists to address the holistic needs of children with hearing loss. The article also underscores the significance of individualized intervention plans that consider the child's communication needs, preferences and the involvement of their families. In the context of intervention strategies, the review outlines the evolving landscape of hearing assistive technologies, ranging from hearing aids to cochlear implants and their suitability for different degrees of hearing loss. Additionally, it explores the role of auditory training and speech therapy in fostering effective communication skills among school-age children with hearing impairment. The integration of assistive technologies into educational settings is highlighted as a critical factor in optimizing the academic experience of these children. The review also discusses the importance of long-term follow-up and outcome assessment to gauge the effectiveness of intervention programs. It presents evidence on the positive correlation between early intervention and improved speech, language and cognitive development in children with hearing impairment. In conclusion, this review article underscores the significance of timely and accurate audiological evaluation in school-age children with suspected hearing impairment. By critically examining the existing methods, challenges and advancements in the field, the article provides valuable insights for audiologists, educators, healthcare providers and policymakers. The integration of a multidisciplinary approach, state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques and tailored intervention strategies is pivotal in ensuring optimal outcomes for children with hearing impairment, empowering them to reach their full potential in the realms of education and personal growth.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a formidable challenge in cancer detection and treatment due to its aggressive nature and limited opportunities for early intervention. Its impact extends beyond individuals to families and communities. In India, where healthcare disparities persist, pancreatic cancer awareness is critical. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge levels of pancreatic cancer in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh and its implications for early detection and prevention. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults residing in District Mandi. Data were collected from May 2023 to July 2023 using a structured questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Only 27% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, while 36.5% had good knowledge about pancreatic cancer. Knowledge gaps were evident in identifying risk factors (57.75%) and screening methods (35.5%). However, 61% understood the importance of regular screenings and 60.25% recognized early detection's significance. Awareness of support organizations was limited (26.5%). Comparisons with other studies in India revealed similar trends, emphasizing the need for tailored awareness campaigns. Conclusion: This study highlights varying levels of pancreatic cancer awareness in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. Targeted awareness campaigns, education initiatives and collaborations between healthcare professionals and community organizations are essential to bridge knowledge gaps and empower individuals for early detection and intervention.

Background: Dengue fever, caused by the Dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is a significant public health concern globally, including in the picturesque region of Himachal Pradesh, India. Effective Dengue prevention and control rely on the awareness and knowledge of the general public. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and June 2023 among 400 adults in Himachal Pradesh. A Google Form questionnaire assessed participants' awareness and knowledge of Dengue fever using 20 structured questions. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed a good level of Dengue awareness and knowledge among respondents. Notably, 71.5% correctly identified Dengue and its causative agent and 68.75% knew about its mosquito-borne transmission. 65.25% recognized typical clinical features and 64.25% understood preventive measures. However, only 44.75% were aware of Dengue vaccines and 39.75% knew about treatments for severe Dengue. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a need for targeted awareness campaigns regarding Dengue vaccines and treatments for severe cases. Strengthening community engagement and dispelling misconceptions are crucial steps in Dengue prevention efforts. Improving public knowledge can help reduce Dengue's burden in Himachal Pradesh.

The research consisted of the introduction and the importance of the research, and the importance included: addressing the effective role of the psychological side and its reflection clearly on the physical and skillful side when practicing sports activity in general and basketball in particular, and the psychological flow, which is considered one of the most important concepts of positive psychology as well as It expresses a state of rest, focus, passion and optimal effectiveness for the individual. As for the research problem, it emerged in the form of a question: What is the extent of the effect of a counseling program based on psychological flow in learning some basic skills in basketball for female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences? The research objectives are: Preparing a counseling program based on the psychological flow for students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also aims to identify the effect of psychological flow on learning some basic basketball skills. The research areas consisted of:The human field: the first stage/female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2022-2023 AD/University of Al-Qadisiyah.Time range: for the period from 1/10/2022 to 11/5/2023. Spatial field: stadiums and halls of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Al-Qadisiyah.As for the research methodology and its field procedures, the researcher used the experimental approach, which is the most appropriate for the current study. He touched on the community and the research sample, which consisted of first-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher also touched on how to prepare the counseling program and the psychological flow scale, as well as the used tests. and statistical methods. After that, the results were presented in the form of tables and then discussed. The research also included conclusions and recommendations. The most important conclusions were: There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the psychological flow variable in favor of the experimental group. There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in learning some basic basketball skills among the research sample and in favor of the experimental group. The most important recommendations were: Using the counseling program prepared by the researcher in learning basketball skills and applying it to other skills. The need to pay attention to the psychological aspect during the education and teaching of basketball skills in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences.

Background: Colon cancer presents a growing global health challenge, with rising incidence rates in India. This study aims to assess awareness and knowledge levels about colon cancer among the residents of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, to inform targeted interventions. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from May 2023 to July 2023, encompassing socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge related to colon cancer. Knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Of the respondents, 21.5% demonstrated very good knowledge, 33.5% had good knowledge, 31.75% exhibited fair knowledge and 13.25% had poor knowledge of colon cancer. Knowledge disparities were observed between urban and rural participants. Comparison with similar studies highlighted regional variations in awareness, influenced by geographical location, access to healthcare and cultural beliefs. Conclusion: This study underscores the need to enhance colon cancer awareness in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. Tailored interventions, including customized educational initiatives, digital campaigns and collaboration with healthcare providers, are essential to bridge knowledge gaps and promote early detection. Addressing regional and cultural factors can empower the community to contribute to colon cancer prevention and reduce its public health burden.