The effect of the Mectizan on the inhibition of bacterial growth was investigated. This was done in order to test the potency of this drug on bacteria growth due to its touted potency in the prevention of the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the COVID -19 and the possible use of this drug in antibiotic resistant bacteria. Clinical identified Oral bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundi and Enterobacter sp. were obtained from a preserved culture obtained from a recent work carried out in the Biological laboratory, faculty of sciences, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State. The tested drugs Mectizan (Ivermectin) and Ampiclox (a positive control) were both gotten from a pharmaceutical store for the susceptibility test. The drug dose difference (3-9mg) as recommended per patients was not exceeded. Thus; 3mg/mL, 6mg/mL and 9mg/mL of Mectizan was impregnated on the tested organism and compared with the standard prescribed dose concentration of the positive control (500mg). The dose difference was tested with each of the oral pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freudi and Enterobacter sp. The bacteria were stained with Ampiclox antibiotic and the zones of inhibition were measured after 24 hours of staining. Result of the investigation reveal that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control (Ampiclox 500mg) and all dosage ranges of mectizan in bacteria inhibition of all the tested bacteria. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in inhibition of bacteria growth with all doses of Mectizan on all bacteria types. However, higher inhibition rates were observed with increased drug doses. Mectizan had a higher inhibition on gram negative bacteria (Citrobacter freudi and Enterobacter sp) than gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) whereas Ampiclox had a higher effect on gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria. It can be concluded that Mectizan shows great promise either as an adjunct or replacement to antibiotics in the treatment of bacteria pathogen especially with increased dosage and sustained use.

This is driving research to use Ethanol as a transportation fuel in view of the fact that it is more efficient, cleaner and a cheaper source of energy. Engines have been converted for the use of ethanol in countries like Brazil, India, United States of America. Jatropha curcas or commonly called ‘physic nut’ is of the Euphorbiaceae family, a perennial crop, with a higher efficiency of bio fuel production than Sugarcane, a crop that requires limited attention in its cultivation. Jatropha curcas is seen as having potentials for commercial production in Guyana, as such large scale cultivation will commence in the near future so as to reduce fuel importation cost, create a cleaner atmosphere and aid in creating job opportunities. Sugarcane occupies some 50,000 ha of land along the coast of Guyana. The potential for commercial ethanol production from sugarcane has been extensively studied in recent years by Guyana Sugar Cooperation (Guysuco) and other agencies with the interest to increase the diversity of products from sugarcane. The procedure for this project involves primarily laboratory work in which Jatropha curcas leaves and seeds were collected as well as Sugarcane variety (DB 7869) juice, isolated with yeast, Saccharomyces cereviseae and fermented for a week. Ethanol produced from these materials was obtained from simple distillation. The results attain showed that Jatropha curcas produced a higher percentage of ethanol than Sugarcane variety (DB 7869). The quality (percentage of alcohol) and purity (alcohols/esters) of the ethanol was tested at Demerara Distillers Limited (DDL) and Guyana Pharmaceuticals Company (GPC), in which Sugarcane variety DB 7869 was found to be purer than Jatropha curcas. This experiment was done on a small scale and a lot of knowledge was acquired about the ability of producing bio fuel from both of these plants however, further research needs to be carried out on a larger scale to enhance the results and to pick up what has been over looked, all for the benefit of commercial production and a cleaner atmosphere.

: Dairy cows in Gia Lam district, Hanoi city of Vietnam contribute to improve the welfare of small-scale farmers. However, farmers face difficulties in expanding their farm scales due to some factors, including limitation in accessing credit. This paper aims to study the factors affecting credit accessibility of small-scale dairy farmers in Gia Lam district, Hanoi city of Vietnam based on the survey results of 81 small scale dairy farmers by standard questionnaire with the support of Stata 14 software and Probit model. The findings showed that there are three factors significantly affected the ability to access formal credit of small-scale farmers in Gia Lam district, Hanoi city of Vietnam: farm receipts, farm size and social participation. From that, some policy recommendations were suggested to improve the credit accessibility of small-scale farmers.

Despite the food safety measures by the Nigerian Government, food safety is still being compromised especially at grassroots level. This study examined the compliance of rural and urban food vendors to food safety regulations in Oyo State. The study was conducted in 5 zones in Afijio LGA; namely Awe, Ilora (urban areas); Jobele, Akinmorin and Fiditi (rural areas). A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 86 vendors ranging from restaurants, hotels, bukaterias/canteens and hawkers while data was collected through interview schedule. Percentages, Chi-square, PPMC and T-test were used for data analysis. The result indicated that a higher number of females (90.7%) were involved in food vending. Majority (89.5%) had a high level of awareness on food safety regulations. Most respondents obtained information from food canteen association (86.0 %) and health workers (62.8 %). The respondents identified inadequate supply of electricity (51.2 %) as the major challenge faced by food vendors. Although, more than half (53.5 %) of the respondents had high level of compliance to food safety regulations, the type of food vendor (χ2 = 7.664, p = 0.022) had significant relationship with their compliance. Moreover, there was a significant difference (t = 9.597, p = 0.003) between the level of compliance of rural and urban food vendors to food safety regulations. The study concluded that rural food vendors had lower compliance to food safety regulations and recommended that more measures be taken to enforce compliance of food vendors to food safety regulations in the rural areas.