Language for disability can pose a challenge especially because no one wants to offend another person or to appear offensive or to be insensitive. The main objective of this study was to investigate disability labelling in Bukusu with a view to understanding of disability. The specific objectives of the study were firstly to establish the disability labels in Bukusu Society and secondly to investigate the cultural beliefs and knowledge that shape the understanding of disability. The study used a phenomenological approach to collect data using focus groups of 230 participants. Audio recording of the discussions was done. Data was transcribed and thematic analysis carried out. Visual maps were created to illustrate any interconnectedness before establishing the final decisions. Key ideas and concepts were identified and recorded in note form. The study findings indicated that Bukusu Society uses language that refers to disability in a deleterious or pejorative manner. The findings of this study will be important to disability studies in regards to language preferences and identity.

Folklore is ascertained to be one of the best pedagogies because it promotes oral communication and is believed to be ideal for bridging the gap between home and school. Folklore known to the public as a source of learning will make learning more meaningful because studying folklore can spread positive cultural influences by realizing that cultural differences have many advantages to enrich the nation's cultural heritage in recognizing local wisdom and also can provide benefits in language learning. Folklore is part of cultural and historical richness owned by the Agiryama people. In general, folklore is one of the old oral literary genres called the fairy tale of the archipelago. The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative source of language learning materials through folklore so as to seek the creation of media during the learning process. The research method used is survey method, Focused Group Discussion, and questionnaire list. The key contribution of this paper to the Kenyan basic education is to equip teachers with the understanding of the significance of teaching using folklore. The result is Kigiryama folklore can act as supporting materials in language learning that can be used by the people of the Coastal region and in Kenya in general.

Dialog Tubuh (Dialogue of the Body) is a dance work inspired by the phenomenon of communication and social interaction. Observing the Beahoi cultural events that took place in Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. An activity that emphasizes traditional communication that prioritizes face to face in its implementation. Linking traditional communication with popular communication that is happening nowadays. the focus is on the individual as the most important thing in addressing global influences in terms of communication. The focus of the problems that the writer presents in this work is internal communication (the individual with himself) as a form of manifestation of esternal communication (individuals with other individuals). Good analysis is the key in examining the two communication problems (good and bad depending on each personal). The method of creation is carried out through field observations, interviews, elaboration, synthesis, realization and completion. Then proceed with the creation process including initial preparation, exploration, improvisation, composition/formation, evaluation and performance preparation. This work is divided into three parts and several scenes in each section. The first part visualizes the traditional communication carried out by various individuals in a community environment, the second part describes the symbolic form of popular communication, the third part visualizes the individual's internal communication and the action of external communication.

North Sumatra retains many historical and cultural heritages, such as traditional ornaments and structures known as customary buildings. One of its customary buildings is the traditional Mandailing house (bagas godang), which exhibits unique and distinctive ornaments. This original traditional heritage reflects the noble values and personality of the local community. The traditional Mandailing Natal house presents ornaments on its roof (tutup ari). Each carving in the ornaments carries values and meaning. Bolang or traditional Mandailing ornaments used as roof symbols are made of plants, animals, and everyday objects. The ornaments are made by means of weaving and carving using tools from carved bamboos. Carving the ornament is not an easy task since it requires a comprehensive contemplation. The carving process needs to consider the characters and features of the three materials used in the ornaments. Each ornament implies strong values and meanings of the customary laws. The use of colors in the ornament is distinctively traditional instead of arbitrary colors. The colors have their own values and meanings for the Mandailing Natal community. Art culture is almost extinct. The almost extinct art culture encourages the authors to promote it to the community so that they remember their ancestors. Personality expressed throughout time encourages the community to experience the ancestral noble values.

This study aims to explain the character values in Folklore Dore in Jorong Kubu Tuntuangan Kanagarian Batipuah, Batipuah Baruah, Tanah Datar, and West Sumatra using the Folklore approach. In this case the method used is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research are in the form of words, actions, behavior and activities carried out in the Folklore Dore in Jorong Kubu Tuntuangan Kanagarian Batipuah, Batipuah Baruah, and Tanah Datar as a form of folk games found in Minangkabau. The research instrument was the researcher as a key instrument. Thus, the non-verbal Folklore can be used as a reference for shaping children's character education.

Music education has as one of its cardinal objectives, the provision of experiences and training of learners. Such experiences when acquired would help learners to live and contribute positively towards the progress and development of their society. By this, the social relevance of music therefore cannot be overemphasized. The paper titled music and sustenance of human dignity in the 21^st century, examines the definition of music, its importance in the society and its role in tackling the problems of poverty through the training of young minds, to survive and sustain themselves in the society.It also examines its role in sustaining national development in the areas of culture, politics, economy and social aspect. It concluded and gave recommendations that will help in sustaining developments through the use of popular, art and contemporary types of music.

The secondary school teachers teach the students pursuing sixth through tenth class students. The success of the secondary school students depends on well-resourced teachers with enthusiasm, efficiency and effectiveness along with free of academic and personal problems. Hence, this study is undertaken to study the problems of secondary school teachers. The government secondary school teachers are facing an average level of problems with regard to school facilities, school management, head master/mistress, colleagues/co-teachers, students, service matters, and job satisfaction. Almost all the variables have had the same effect on the problems of teachers, average level of problems to the government secondary school teachers. The government should do the needful in solving the problems to keep the teachers on right track to deliver their best in the classrooms.

This study was designed to investigate the major factors affecting the teaching of workplace communication course in East Gojjam Zone ATVET College. With this intention, workplace communication teachers` understandings about ESP and challenges encounter the teaching of workplace communication course were explored. For the study, Descriptive survey research design was used, and in trying to address the issues, mixed research methods includes both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Participants of the study were 54 purposely selected workplace communication teachers of Mertule Mariam, Motta, Bichena and Debre Work TEVT colleges and 4 college academic vice deans of these ATVET colleges in East Gojjam zone Amhara National Regional State. Relevant data were collected through questionnaire, and interview. As to the findings, the study revealed that the practice of Workplace communication course teaching in TVET colleges confront with several factors. It was emphasized that the absence of language teachers from TVET system, lack of supervision, teachers` misconception about ESP and deficiency in spoken English, students low English proficiency, and students resistance to participate in communicative activities were the major factors that challenge the proper teaching of workplace communication course in East Gojjam Zone TVET colleges. Thus, it is recommended that the workplace communication course should be offered by English professional teachers. Otherwise, any in- service language teaching training should be given for the current ESP teachers in TVET. In addition, TVET bureau minimize teachers` workload. Moreover, it was recommended that a COC assessment for the course workplace communication for TVET students should be started so as to arise the students’ motivation to learn language.

Charity and philanthropic aid have been embodied for centuries in most cultures and religions. Early examples abound of actions by religious institutions and subsequently by states, through related institutional and Ministerial Departments to alleviate situations of man-made suffering or natural disasters. This paper looks the chronological shift in the dynamics of humanitarian assistance of self-rule era to that of late colonial,to non-nationals within the frontline villages of the East Region of Cameroon with the Republic of Central Africa. From the analyses viewed, this paper shows that humanitarian assistance in the late colonial era within the frontline villages of the present day East Region of Cameroon with the Republic of Central Africa was not institutionalized to that of post self-rule institutionalized style, regulated and enforced by International Conventions and Protocols helmed by the United Nations’-refugee organ. The nature of late colonial assistance reached humanitarian migrants in forms of ZakatandSadaka provided by humanitarian philanthropists and French missionaries as well as in the form of waqffrom the Islamic communities as prescribed by the Quran as one of the great pillars. With the acquisition of self-rule on the 1^st of January 1960, Ministerial Departments were created,coupled with Cameroon being a signatory of the UN, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)through its multi-facet implementing humanitarian partners with the presence of over 350.000 refugees from Central African Republic in the frontline villages of the East Region of Cameroon with Central Africa, extended organized humanitarian assistance to the refugees since the past two three decades of the 21^st century.The non-refoulement law outlined by all international, regional and national instruments was respected by the government of the Republic of Cameroon. This was followed by the provision of planned humanitarian assistance by the partners of UNHCR to the refugees within the frontline villages in the forms of food, identification papers, protection against sexual violence, enforcement of peaceful coexistence, provision of shelter and the integration of the refugees into basic education, all governed by humanitarian principles. This clear contrast emanated as a result of the change in era and the birth of international instruments governing the provision of aid to humanitarian migrants.