Kalanamak is heritage rice of eastern Uttar Pradesh and valued for its aroma, taste and nutritive quality. Its cultivation declined from 50,000 ha to less than 2,000 ha and was destined to be extinct. Exhaustive collection of 250 germplasm was made and best accessions was tested and released as KN3 in 2010. It followed its dwarf versions as Bauna Kalanamak 101, Bauna Kalanamak 102 and Kalanamak Kiran respectively in 2016, 2017and 2019. Last three varieties yield 50% more than traditional Kalanamak KN3 and mature 10 days earlier. Normal selling price of the Kalanamak paddy ranges between Rs. 3,000/- to Rs. 4,000/- per quintal. In spite of MSP announced by the governments, most farmers sell their HYV paddy around Rs. 1,500/- per quintal. Cost of cultivation of Kalanamak and yield is the same as HYV, farmers get three times more net profit. Organic Kalanamak fetches 20% premium over normal Kalanamak. Summarily compared to Rs. 43,500 / ha net profit from common HYV rice, Kalanamak KN3 will give Rs. 69,375, Bauna Kalanamak Rs. 1,26,250 and Organic Kalanamak Rs. 1.38,000 per hectare net profit. Kalanamak was exported 350 quintals to Singapore and 100 quintals to Nepal besides Dubai and Germany during 2021. Nutritionally, Kalanamak has double amount of protein (10.6%), triple iron ( ) and quadruple Zinc ( ). Besides, it is “Sugar Free”, hence suitable even for diabetic people. Therefore, the proverb “Paddy and Poverty go together” is a myth now.

An economic study of adoption of farm mechanization in rice cultivation - a case study in Khammam district of Telangana state, study examined the extent of adoption of farm mechanization and cost of cultivation in Khammam district of Telangana. In total district 120 farmers are selected as sample size. Two mandals, Kalluru mandal and Nelakondapally mandal has been selected. In low adoption category the average total cost of cultivation was high i.e., Rs. 61905.62 per ha. At low adoption category, total variable cost per hectare was Rs. 50704.49 and total fixed cost per hectare Rs. 11201.13 per ha. The cost of cultivation was calculated according to cost concepts also. The cost of cultivation according to cost concepts cost C3 was high for the low mechanized farmers i. e., Rs. 61905.62 per ha. Returns were high for the highly mechanized farmers than low and medium mechanized farmers.

The research study assessed the direct and indirect consequences of rural banditry in Zamfara state, Nigeria. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 360 respondents that were selected for the study. A multi stage and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents. Descriptive statistical tools (mean, percentages, frequency distribution) and inferential statistics (logic regression analysis, paired sample T-test and Spearman`s correlation coefficient) were used for data analysis. The results of the study reveals that majority of the respondents were married with an average household size of 8 persons and income level of less than N 20,000/month. The result on the direct consequences of rural banditry indicates that rural banditry causes loss of wealth that was accumulated over the years with a mean 3.53 and death with a mean of 3.75. The findings further reveals the ranking of indirect consequences of rural banditry with behavioral susceptibility, psychological trauma, migration and disruption of development programme was ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. This implies that there is strong positive relationship between direct consequences of rural banditry and respondents’ participation in IFAD-CASP. Based on the finding of the study, it could be concluded that rural banditry poses poor economic growth, increased rural poverty, poor participation and poor programme implementation and induces fear and uncertainty. The study therefore, recommend that urgent provision of adequate security personnel to Mann the porous borders, prompt enrollment of the vulnerable into government social investment programmes, organize training/seminars for peace building purpose and also government should register all mining site and their activities properly monitored.

The most significant obstacle to agricultural expansion plans and strategies is the lack of precipitation and the restricted availability of irrigation water sources. At the same time, there is a significant worry over the need to increase the area devoted to wheat production to satisfy the growing demand in the local region. The significant obstacle is to raise the quantity of grain produced while retaining or reducing the amount of irrigation water used. In this context, research was carried out to investigate the wheat water productivity based on detecting the sensitivity of wheat production to water consumption by utilizing remotely sensed data at the El-Salhia agricultural project, which is situated in the eastern portion of the Nile delta. The remote sensing data have been used to estimate the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from Nov. 1, 2019, to Apr. 30, 2020. The sequence of monthly ETa has been used as a crop water consumption signature to classify the crops in the study area. The crop water consumption signature depends on the crop phenological and thermal signatures simultaneously. Based on crop water consumption signature, wheat, sugar beet and potatoes are the common crops in the study area, which consumed 435, 639 and 280 mm, respectively. The accumulated ETa represented the wheat water consumption during the season, while the wheat yield was collected from 20 pivot irrigation systems. The yield varied from 5.4 tons/ha to 7.32 tons/ ha. The variation in measured yield reaches up to 25 %, although there is only a variety of wheat water consumption that reaches up to 10 %. The water productivity ranged from 1.32 to 1.66 kg/m3, with an average of 1.47 kg/m3. The yield response factor (Ky) is more sensitive to wheat yield than wheat water consumption.

Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum., commonly known as red ginger, is an important ornamental species cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions for its striking inflorescences formed by brightly colored bracts. Native to Malesia and the southwestern Pacific islands, this species typically forms dense thickets in moist habitats due to its vigorous rhizomatous growth. The plant’s aromatic rhizome also holds medicinal value and is traditionally used to treat fever, muscle spasms, intestinal gas, and inflammation. Although Alpinia purpurata can be propagated through both rhizomes and seeds, seed production is infrequent because fruit development and ripening occur rarely, limiting the reliability of sexual reproduction as a propagation method. Consequently, large-scale or commercial cultivation often depends on vegetative propagation via underground stems. During field observations conducted on the campus of The Neotia University, an unusual yet promising reproductive phenomenon viviparous germination was recorded. In this process, seeds begin to germinate while still attached to the parent plant, leading to the emergence of plantlets directly from the inflorescence. This natural mechanism, although previously undocumented for this species, provides an alternative mode of propagation that bypasses the limitations of poor seed set and infrequent fruiting. The occurrence of vivipary in Alpinia purpurata suggests a potentially valuable method for enhancing propagation efficiency, improving plant availability, and supporting commercial production. Further investigation into the physiological and environmental factors promoting vivipary may help optimize this method for horticultural application.

This research was conducted to determine the biopesticidal effects of madre de cacao leaves, marigold plant, makabuhay vines and neem leaves. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to determine the biopesticidal effect of different extract on tomato. A 416.5 m2 experimental area was divided into 4 blocks. Each block was subdivided into 5 plots with a dimension of 4.5m X 3m or 13.5m2 where the 5 treatments were randomly assigned by draw lots method. A 0.5m was set as distance between plot and 1.0m between block. Thus, each plot has fifty (50) tomato plants were subjected to five treatments: (T1). Control (Commercial pesticide), the botanical plants which were freshly chopped separately, (T2). One kilogram of chopped madre de cacao in two litters of water, (T3). Fifteen grams of chopped makabuhay in two hundred fifty ml of water, (T4). One and a half kilogram of chopped marigold plant in one liter of water (T5) Minitab was used to analyze and interpret data to determine the significant differences among the treatment means. Significant results were subjected to further analysis using Least Significant Differences (LSD). Results revealed that there are high significant differences in the pest incidence per week as to applied with biopesticides. Also, there is a significant difference on the control compared to madre de cacao, marigold plant, makabuhay vines and neem leaves and there is a no significant differences on the mean number of fruits per harvest by week, average weight of fruits at different pesticide.