With the evolution of man, technology has also evolved day by day, man has started relying upon the technologies, thus easing his burdens up. According to reports, it is expected that by 2020, 80% of adults on earth will have a smart phone on an average there has been a growth of 936%from 2000-2017 in the total population connected to internet. These figures are quite good on the part of technological progress, but at the same time pose a great threat to security issues for data on internet. The increasing rate of cyber crimes in past years is a threat to the data preserved via internet. This is the need of the hour to put a check on the rate with which cyber crimes have been increasing. A check point in this regard is the lack of highly automated tools and equally less number of forensic investigators. Thus the need of time is the possibility of such an intelligent frame work, which can share the burden of forensic cyber crime or digital forensics investigators.
With the evolution of man, technology has also evolved day by day, starting from the production of fire to invention of wheel, the inventions have added to the convenience of life. In the long run, there has been a drastic change in lifestyle. Day by day, man has started relying upon the technologies, thus easing his burdens up. In the long run, the things have become easier and smoother, but have some dark side also. Relying on machines is one of such aspects. But in present scenario, machines are far ahead of the old time operations and are assigned and perform beyond human capabilities. In the same context, computers are one of their kind to be discussed, which have occupied every field of human lifestyle and are omni-present.
According to the paper, Artificial Intelligence Based Digital Forensic Framework, today it is almost impossible to imagine world without smart phones and internet. According to reports, it is expected that by 2020, 80% of adults on earth will have a smart phone on an average there has been a growth of 936%from 2000-2017 in the total population connected to internet [1].
These figures are quite good on the part of technological progress, but at the same time pose a great threat to security issues for data on internet. Also, the situation is quite worrying for cyber security professionals as it has been estimated that the global cost of cyber crime will reach $6 trillion by 2021. Also the cybercrime has been expected to be more than triple the number of unfilled cyber-security jobs by 2021 [2].
The Need
Data Forensics is roughly forty years old. Year from 1999-2007 were “Golden Age for digital forensic”, as during this period, relatively few file formats of forensic interests storage devices equipped with standard interfaces made it possible to get back and look into the crimes committed many months before [3].
The increasing rate of cyber crimes in past years is a threat to the data preserved via internet. This is the need of the hour to put a check on the rate with which cyber crimes have been increasing.
Main challenges in the field of digital forensics are:
Exponential growth in storage capacity of single drives
The form of attack launched has been sophisticated
The degree of technical sophistication employed by opponents and the apparent inability of existing tool
A check point in this regard is the lack of highly automated tools and equally less number of forensic investigators. On the other hand, it is time taking to prepare forensic experts for computer crimes. Also the speed of producing trained experts is not at par with the speed at which crimes are increasing and the available tools provide automation of procedure up to certain extent- but they do require human interaction and intelligence for accurate results [4].
Data Forensics is facing a crisis as the new file formats are not compatible or insufficiently compatible for the coming cyber crimes. Also, the data obtained is not in forensically sound manner, or the data processing is not complete even after obtaining it. Thus, significant evidence goes on missing [3].
Thus the need of time is the possibility of such an intelligent frame work, which can share the burden of forensic cyber crime or digital forensics investigators. If the intelligent forensic tool can think by itself and address the steps required intelligently, then the burden of forensic investigators is shared to an extent [1].
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is a branch of Computer Science that is primarily concerned with the creation of intelligent machines which work as humans.[3] It can be defined as creating a computer process that can mimic human behaviour, but the objections tend to generate that does human act always intelligently. In computer science, Artificial Intelligence is demonstrated by machines, modern machines.
For cyber criminals, the idiom "crime doesn't pay" is laughable. Internet crime is worse than ever, and the reasons are clear: It's highly lucrative and far less risky than, say, an old-fashioned bank heist. Until we take the necessary steps to increase the risk and lower the value of cyber crimes, we won't be able to stop them [5].
History
It was founded as an academic discipline in 1955.Artificial Intelligence research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. The traditional goals with Artificial Intelligence have been reasoning, knowledge representation and planning learning. Many tools are used in artificial Intelligence, including versions of search and mathematical optimization.
Study of mathematical logic led to Alan Turing’s theory of computation, which suggested that a machine could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.
Artificial Intelligence field took its birth at a workshop at Darmouth College in 1956 and the term was coined by John McCarthy [6].
Earlier, ontology was not considered an issue for Artificial Intelligence. In the last decade, these have been realisation that it is necessary to reason multiple sources of knowledge.
Artificial Intelligence has most effect on digital forensics in providing expertise to help with the standardisation of the standardisation of the representation of knowledge as the lack of standards hinder the exchange of information. In the arena of forensic science, the important issue for Artificial Intelligence is the ability to explain the reasoning process [1].
Artificial Intelligence Applied to Digital Forensics
A large number of potentially related evidences are more vulnerable to diminishing. Not only forensic computing, but the network security also faces issues of security [7].
Artificial Intelligence is an ideal approach to deal with many of the problems existing in digital forensics [8].
Forensic Data Analysis
According to Mitchell, 2010, currently used conventional and manual approaches for searching and examining the data are incompetent to deal with the size of the data. Artificial Intelligence based autonomous agents aim at analysing and correlating the data contained in the evidence. The human examiner can experience an ease in handling the data. The data is eventually reduced to an extent [9].
Network Forensics
It involves the study of analysing network activity in order to discover the source of security policy violation or breach in information assurance. It is not necessary that the data/information recorded is always useful for analysis [4].
Application of Artificial Intelligence tools and techniques help to overcome these challenges by offline intrusion analysis and protecting the integrity and confidentiality of the information infrastructure. With the use of Artificial intelligence powered tools, the security of the organisation become assured, as it identifies the breaches into the protection and detection mechanisms [10].
Benefits
Standardised domains of Artificial Intelligence can benefit in a number of ways creating large, re-usable repository. The multinational case involving a number of jurisdictions, it can provide a formal framework for the discussion of digital evidence.
It may prove useful in testing the expert performance, human/ Artificial systems could provide a useful method for training digital forensic practitioners [1].
Ethics related to Artificial Intelligence
It was founded on the assumption that human intelligence can be so precisely described that machine can be made to stimulate it. The ethical issues have been thrived upon myth, fiction and philosophy. It is being considered a threat to humanity by some clan, in case it progresses unabated. Other danger it can pose is creating a mass unemployment [3].
The issues have been always raised regarding artificial intelligence. These are -
Whether a machine can solve any problem that a human being can solve using Artificial Intelligence or is there any limit to it?
The extent to which it can be believed that machines behave and are used ethically.
Whether a machine can be sentient and deserve certain rights or it can intentionally cause harm [1].
Machines were used to make the assignments easier for human once upon a time and used to be controlled according to human mind . As the machines have the potential to use their intelligence to prevent harm and minimise the risks, there is a need to regulate artificial intelligence and robots. Research is still in progress in this arena on machine ethics, artificial moral agents, friendly Artificial Intelligence. According to Joseph Welsen Baum, Artificial Intelligence applications can’t successfully simulate genuine human empathy. It lead to the conclusion that the use of Artificial Intelligence technology in fields such as customer service and psychotherapy was bothered that Artificial Intelligence researchers wish to view the human mind as nothing more than a computer program-thus Artificial Intelligence research devalues human life. For Wendell Wallach, the question is not centred. It is an approximate estimate that the projected costs of cyber crimes will reach $ 2 trillion by 2019.As per data, more than half of firms, i.e. around 57% have been susceptible to cyber attack in the past year. The situations become alarming after an estimate of 18 victims/ sec.
It is next to impossible to bring a complete stop to the crimes but the efforts are made by cyber experts to reduce the number. The lacking part is that people do not even report due to lack of awareness, and if reported, then it is quite difficult to solve and investigate them.
The scenario is not the same in India, but same all over the world. The reason may lie in the lack of highly automated tools and less number of forensic investigators equally. On the other hand, preparing forensic experts for forensic crime detection is a time taking process. Also, the tools require human interaction and intelligence for accurate results. To imagine an expert system which focuses on possibility of intelligent framework that can reduce the burden on cyber experts as well as add up to the speed of solving crime is difficult but not impossible. Also, the exponential growth in the data due to inexpensive storage devices make it almost impossible for the individuals to perform the investigation in a short time. Also, it is quite cumbersome to determine in early stages of investigation which evidence is more important which adds to the size of data being sent to the laboratory for investigation, making it tedious to be examined for the experts.
The intelligent tools developed also show some problems at pre-analysis phase. Some of the existing tools are not helpful in solving the problems, rather increase the time of the investigation. So, it is needed to develop more intelligent methods and tools that can automate the activity of investigation in accurate time. Machine Learning Forensic tools have proven to be best for storing, evaluating and performing meta-analysis of data in today’s context but the things need to be refined more as per the need of time.
Improving digital forensics is the need of the hour to cope up with the digital crimes. Various frame works have been proposed for the enhancements and comparing the existing model and predicting the future of these tools. Adding Intelligence part to the existing forensic tools and using it for offline intrusion analysis in network forensics or development of multi-agent and case-based reasoning using Artificial Intelligence are some of the development in this direction. Although the developments are being made in the process, the tools are still user dependent and need to be focused for automate.
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank members of department of Forensic Medicine IMS, BHU, and Varanasi for theirValuable support and full help in data collection from the autopsied case. Also authors are extremely gratefulto Dr. Kalyan Mitra (Senior Scientist and In-charge EM Unit) and his scientific team at Central Drug
Research Institute, Lucknow for SEM images of the heart sample.
Ethical Approval
The present study was approved by “Institutional Ethical committee” of Institute of Medical Sciences.
Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi. All the informations have been taken under consideration of medical ethical committee.
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