Food security is a fundamental pillar of human security, and its absence has severe negative consequences for Arab countries, impeding their ability to achieve progress, development, peace, and food stability.

As one of the most essential human rights, food security remains a key priority for the international community, which strives to ensure that all individuals have access to adequate food. Since their inception, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the World Food Programmed (WFP), and the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) have actively worked to enhance food security at both global and regional levels, with a particular focus on Arab countries.

This issue is of critical importance to all nations, especially within the Arab region, due to its direct link to national growth, stability, and sustainable development. Furthermore, food security is a fundamental necessity for the continuation of life. The absence of food security signals a significant setback, negatively affecting the progress of civilizations and hindering economic, social, and cultural development. Simply put, the absence of food equates to the absence of life.

Ensuring food security must be a global priority. Sustainable food security can only be realized in a peaceful world where neither nations nor individuals face the threat of food shortages. Therefore, it is imperative to uphold this responsibility whenever individuals are deprived of their right to food, when protective measures are inadequate, or when this fundamental right is violated .are denied their right to food, when protection is lacking, or when this fundamental right is violated.

The use of starvation as a tool to achieve political or personal goals must be absolutely prohibited, as such practices are inhumane. When starvation policies lead to destruction or death, they rise to the level of crimes that require accountability.

It is thus clear that food security is not only a basic human right, but also an essential element of security, indispensable in all circumstances, whether in times of peace or conflict.

Ensuring food security is essential to avoid future threats that could significantly impact food availability. These threats stem from natural factors, climate change, and human activities, in addition to wars and international policies that deeply impact markets in Arab countries. Given the close link between achieving food security and international development programs, Arab governments have supported multiple initiatives to address this vital issue. With the global focus on improving nutrition and eliminating hunger as one of the main goals of the United Nations, the United Nations and national governments bear a great responsibility in ensuring food security and effectively addressing malnutrition. The United Nations plays a key role in this context by providing the necessary support and resources to support the achievement of nutritional goals at the national and international levels.

To achieve this goal, we have divided the discussion into three main parts. Part one examines the contributions of the United Nations to the fight against hunger. Part two focuses on the role of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in promoting food security worldwide. Part three reviews the role of UN organizations dedicated to safeguarding food security on a global scale.

The first requirement United Nations efforts to eradicate hunger in Arab countries

The United Nations and its specialized agencies play a fundamental role in promoting and ensuring global food security, including in Arab countries. This commitment is a central goal of the organization, as it significantly impacts the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

To effectively address the challenges of hunger and malnutrition, the United Nations is working to provide diverse solutions, along with the necessary support and assistance.

In this context, we will address the topic in two parts: the first part discusses the position of the United Nations General Assembly on global food security, while the second part focuses on the Security Council resolutions related to this issue.

First branch;Position of the General Assembly on food security.

The United Nations General Assembly has been active in addressing issues related to food, passing numerous resolutions aimed at protecting this fundamental right. It has emphasized that food security is one of the most complex challenges facing the global community. Ensuring universal access to adequate food, eradicating hunger, and reforming food systems in a fair and sustainable manner requires effective measures that uphold the fundamental human right to food. This right is closely linked to the right to life itself, as food shortages, hunger, and malnutrition often have devastating consequences, including loss of life. How many lives have been lost due to food insecurity? This question highlights the need for urgent action to address this global crisis [1] .

It is important to understand that food security guarantees the right of every individual to live in dignity and be free from hunger. This right was first recognized internationally in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which represents a historic milestone in the human rights journey.

This document, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, included fundamental rights that must be protected universally, including the right to adequate food as stipulated in Article 25. The United Nations also issued a number of major resolutions promoting this right, such as resolution 61/163, resolution 61/187, resolution 60/251, and resolution 60/165.

All these resolutions confirm that hunger is not just a food crisis, but also a form of[2] The United Nations General Assembly recognizes that food security is a universal right that is closely linked to other human rights. The Assembly stresses the importance of international cooperation and solidarity to achieve the goals set out in the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, as well as the initiatives of the World Food Summit. Hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition are global challenges, and despite the efforts made to combat them, these efforts remain insufficient. Serious and coordinated action is needed to reduce the risk of famine, as its devastating effects extend beyond the affected countries, affecting countries in various parts of the world,[3] including Arab countries[4] The General Assembly noted that the main causes of famine include the dramatic increase in global prices of basic food commodities, which reached record levels in March 2022, according to the Food Price Index of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations In addition, the negative effects of climate change and the direct impacts of armed conflict on food security are exacerbating the problem of food insecurity, particularly affecting the most vulnerable population groups.[5]

In light of this, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a firm position on this vital issue, calling on the international community to provide urgent assistance to countries suffering from food security crises and to prioritize addressing challenges related to global food security. The Assembly also expressed its support for the initiative of the UN Secretary-General to establish a global response team to the food crisis, and condemned the Russian military aggression and blockade of food exports. It called on Russia to stop closing ports and allow freedom of navigation, noting that the risk of famine will decrease significantly once Russia ends its war on Ukraine. The Assembly stressed that Russia bears responsibility for its prominent role in exacerbating the food insecurity crisis and its negative impact on achieving the goals[6]

of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Reaffirms that creating a peaceful and stable political, social and economic environment at the national and international levels is essential for eradicating poverty and achieving food security. Countries are encouraged to adopt strategies commensurate with their resources and capacities to implement the recommendations contained in the Rome Declaration on World Food Security. In addition, it stresses the importance of regional and international cooperation among States to develop collective solutions to the global problem of food security in a world increasingly interconnected by institutions, communities and organizations. This requires coordinated efforts and shared responsibilities, while warning that worsening hunger[7]

and food insecurity will be inevitable if urgent and decisive action is not taken. The international legal system includes a set of laws that regulate the actions of states and impose penalties on those who violate them.[8]

Holding states accountable for their actions is at odds with the international legal order, which regulates state behavior through binding legal rules that impose penalties for violations. Thus, when individuals suffer from hunger and states fail to take action, it is reasonable to expect that those states will face consequences for neglecting a fundamental human right. The General Assembly’s resolutions on human rights constitute a significant portion of its totality, especially given the increasing focus on human rights issues related to economic, social and cultural matters. These resolutions play a pivotal role in promoting and ensuring the enjoyment of human rights by all individuals without discrimination, with the right to food being the foremost among these rights.[9] Recognizing the importance of food security and the multiple challenges that must be addressed, the General Assembly has emphasized this issue in numerous resolutions and documents, stressing the need to protect this right. In addition, it has extended the scope of protection to include individuals engaged in relief and humanitarian assistance efforts.[10]

The General Assembly, as the principal organ of the United Nations, is responsible for setting general policies and organizing votes on important issues. It has the power to establish various commissions, councils, committees and working groups to fulfill these responsibilities. We will discuss this in more detail when we review how the General Assembly has called for the establishment of specialized bodies to address the food crisis. The General Assembly clearly prioritizes food security, recognizing its importance and its direct impact on other related human rights. The Assembly has included food security in the sustainable development agenda, emphasizing the need to eradicate hunger and poverty. It has also extended protection to include not only the right to food, but also individuals working in humanitarian assistance and providing food during armed conflicts. However, despite these initiatives, some key countries have yet to implement these measures to effectively achieve their goals.[11]

The second branch Impact of Security Council Resolutions on Global Food Security

The Security Council is one of the most prominent bodies of the United Nations, and is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security.  Hunger has become a major threat to humanity, making the promotion and protection of human rights and poverty reduction one of the main goals of the United Nations. Global peace and security cannot be achieved without ensuring food security, as hunger is one of the most dangerous factors that destroy human life. Millions suffer from malnutrition, and in light of the vital role of the Security Council in maintaining international peace and security, in addition to its commitment to upholding the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States in accordance with the Charter of the[12] The Security Council has adopted numerous resolutions after[13]United Nations intensive efforts to alleviate human suffering, ensure access to food, and prevent famine. In response to sanctions imposed on Iraq due to the 1991 Gulf War, th Council recognized the severity of the humanitarian crisis and, by resolution 986 in 1995, took measures to halt further deterioration in the nutritional and health conditions of the Iraqi population. This resolution was a temporary measure to address urgent humanitarian needs and protect the Iraqi people from famine[14].

The Security Council created a strong legal framework to ensure the right of the Iraqi people to food by establishing the Office of the Iraq Programme in October 1997 to administer the oil-for-food programme. The Council also issued a series of key resolutions to facilitate the implementation of the programme, as followsResolution No. 1302: Extending the program for an additional 180 days, starting from June 9, 2000 until December 5, 2000.

Resolution No. 1330: Extending the program for another 180 days.

Resolution No. 1352: Issued on June 1, 2001, it called for the continued implementation of the provisions of Resolution 1330 with the addition of an additional 30-day period.

Resolution No. 1360: Issued on July 3, 2001, the program was extended for 150 days until November 30, 2001.

Resolution No. 1382: Issued on November 29, 2001, extending the program for an additional 180 days until May 30, 2002.

These resolutions highlight two main outcomes: First, they address the issue of poverty, food scarcity and food insecurity in Iraq, and affirm that the right to food is a fundamental human right. Second, they focus on using oil revenues to combat hunger and malnutrition.  It is worth noting that the Oil-for-Food Program contributed to the establishment of many international bodies. The Iraq Program, which began in October 1997 under Security Council Resolution 986 of 1995, was designed to supervise the implementation of this program. The Iraq Program Manager was responsible for leading and organizing the operations related to the implementation of this program.

Mr. Benson Seven was responsible for reporting to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the implementation of the tasks assigned to him. The Security Council Committee (661) was another key entity, operating within a similar framework to the Iraq Programmed.[15]

Despite the Security Council adopting resolutions supporting the right to food and rejecting famine, in addition to establishing bodies to implement the Oil-for-Food Program to provide basic humanitarian aid such as food and health supplies, many obstacles prevented the success of the program, which eventually led to its collapse. This resulted in the exacerbation of the famine crisis and the marginalization of the right to food within human rights. Among the main challenges was the lack of political will to combat hunger and poverty, in addition to the lack of an intergovernmental body to plan, coordinate and implement the Oil-for-Food Program. International commitment to ending hunger and poverty in Iraq was also insufficient, as the main focus was on supporting the sanctions imposed on Iraq, which showed a lack of humanitarian interest by some countries. In fact, the international community largely ignored the hunger and extreme poverty suffered by the Iraqi people, despite[16]

acknowledging their suffering and the lack of health resources.[17]

In response to the growing humanitarian needs around the world and the grave risk of famine affecting populations in conflict zones, the Security Council has adopted a new resolution addressing the plight of people affected by food insecurity and the alarming rates of stunting among children under five due to hunger. Building on its previous human rights resolutions – including resolutions 1296 (2000), 1894 (2009), 2175 (20144), 2286 (2016), and the basic statement of 9 August 2017 ( S/PRST/2017/14 ) – the Security Council reaffirms the urgent need to address food security issues and the impact of hunger. It also urges all countries that have not yet

done so to ratify the Geneva Conventions and their Protocols, which aim to protect human rights in times of peace and conflict. Furthermore, the Council underscores that starvation of civilians as a method of warfare may constitute a war crime, and calls on all parties to conflict to ensure the protection of civilians and to allow unfettered access to humanitarian assistance.[18]

The resolution also calls on warring parties to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including international human rights law and international humanitarian law, in particular those set out in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 and 2005 Protocols, to ensure respect for and protection of all humanitarian personnel. The resolution also highlights how armed conflict, human rights violations and food insecurity can lead to forced migration and asylum, as well as impact agricultural production and food security. Accordingly, the resolution highlights the importance of not targeting food sources to ensure the survival of the population. While the international community respects the sovereignty, non-interference and independence of States, human rights issues may justify international humanitarian intervention. For example, if a State neglects the right to food or exposes individuals to famine, this may justify humanitarian intervention to ensure respect for human rights, provided that the intervention is not used to achieve ulterior motives. To achieve humanitarian objectives, the Security Council adopted Resolution 1970 on 27 February 2011, which aimed to fulfill its primary responsibilities in maintaining international security.[19]

The Security Council promotes international peace and security by addressing human rights violations in Libya, including the right to food. Conversely, despite the numerous humanitarian resolutions adopted by the Security Council against Iraq, these resolutions were primarily aimed at imposing an economic blockade under the guise of international legitimacy. Moreover, despite resolutions and recommendations emphasizing the need to allow emergency food aid and provide protection to humanitarian workers, these measures are often not implemented. As a result, hunger rates continue to rise, and people are exposed to constant threats to their food security. This situation is clearly demonstrated by the recent events in Gaza, where the blockade imposed by Israeli forces has prevented food from reaching civilians, tragically leading to the deaths of many children due to lack of food aid.

[1] Professor Ibrahim Adam Ahmed Al-Dakhir - Arab Food Security Situation 2020

[2] United Nations General Assembly, The Right to Food, 16 May 2023     https://www.un.org/nutrition/ar/news/un-general-assembly-adopts-resolution-un-decade-action-nutrition

[3] United Nations General Assembly, The Right to Food, Seventy-Second Session, Item (72b), 2017, p. 2. Document (72/173/ A/RES

[4] United Nations General Assembly, The State of Food Insecurity in the World, Seventy-sixth Session, Item (26) 2022, p. 2. Document (76/55/ A )

[5] League of Arab States https://arabmpi.org/index.php/ar/about

[6] United Nations General Assembly , General Assembly calls for action to combat food insecurity, 74th session, 2022/1242/ AG Available at:

https://press.un.org

[7] United Nations General Assembly, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, Sixteenth session, item (3), 2011, p. 3. Document (16/27/ A/HRC/RES

[8] Aisha Abdel Rahman International and Regional Legal Rules for the Protection of the Marine Environment National Center for Legal Exports Printing 2019

[9] Jaafar Abdel Salam International Organizations Dar Nahdet Misr for Printing and Publishing Cairo No year

[10] Hamid Saad Nasser. 2021. International protection for human rights activists. "Journal of Legal Sciences: 282_241: (2) 36 p. 252.

https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v36i2.406

[11] Ahmed Abdel Hamid Al-Dessouki, Objective and Procedural Protection of Human Rights, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 2007

[12] Yahya Helmy Ragab, International Law and Human Rights, Drew on the Routine Machine, Delivered to Students of the Diplomatic Institute of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cairo, 1980-1981

[13] Naif Hussein, Mahmoud Lama (2022-2023). “The efforts of the United Nations to combat and reduce violence against women. Journal of Legal Sciences 65_642:(2) 37, p. 657. https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v37i2.564

[14] Ahmed Abu Al-Wafa, The United Nations and Specialized and Regional Organizations, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1997

[15] Wajjdan Raham Khader, The Role of the United Nations in Protecting Human Rights in Iraq, Master’s Thesis, Al-Rudin University 2014

[16] Gamal Abdel Nasser Manea, International Organization | General Theory and Specialized Global and Regional Organizations, Dar Al-Ulum Publishing and Distribution, 2006

[17] Salah Salem, Iraq and the United Nations: The Oil-for-Food Agreement, International Politics Magazine, Vol. 32, No. (125),

[18] Security Council, resolution adopted at its (8267) meeting held on 24/ May /2018, p. 2, document (2417/ S/RES ).

[19] Hadi Hadi Talal. 2020. The extent of the legitimacy of international intervention for humanitarian considerations within the framework of the principle of non-interference The United Nations is at the heart of the internal authority of states. “Journal of Legal Sciences 78-339:(1) 35, p. 365,

https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v35i1.299

The Food and Agriculture Organization and its agencies are essential international mechanisms for achieving global food security. The organization has the ability to motivate world public opinion thanks to its specialization in providing food and protecting people from hunger and poverty. It also plays an important role in discussing food issues, organizing seminars and conferences, developing plans and concluding relevant agreements, as well as promoting cooperation at the regional and international levels. Although there are United Nations bodies and committees that also work to promote food security directly or indirectly, the Food and Agriculture Organization remains the primary body responsible for implementing the right to food and ensuring its availability and accessibility to individuals.

The first branch

FAO's development and objectives

FAO is one of the largest international organizations specialized in the food and agriculture sectors worldwide, and it has clear objectives to address complex technical issues, which makes it similar to institutions that manage public utilities within countries. For this reason, some call these organizations "international public utilities." These organizations are older than international public organizations, as they contribute to promoting international cooperation in purely technical fields away from politics, which makes them more acceptable to countries, because they do not conflict with the principle of state sovereignty, unlike public organizations that may affect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.[1]

Achieving world food security is a complex goal that requires cooperation at national, regional and international levels to ensure access to food, increase agricultural production, eradicate poverty, and improve health and nutrition. To achieve this goal, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was established, whose primary mission is to ensure food security, lead international efforts to combat hunger and promote a food-secure world for present and future generations. FAO works to provide high-quality food that supports healthy lives. Although many United Nations agencies address human rights issues, including food security, directly or indirectly, FAO has the primary responsibility for implementing the commitment to ensuring world food security.[2]

The origins of the Food and Agriculture Organization go back to the meetings held in 1941 with the aim of concluding the International Wheat Agreement, where the subject was raised by the Australian delegate MacDougall, who had previously discussed food issues and sought to find solutions in cooperation with experts. These discussions culminated in the drafting of the "MacDougall Memorandum " , which included the broad outlines of a project to establish an international food and agriculture body after the end of the war as an important step to support peace. In this memorandum, it was proposed that the organization undertake three main tasks: collecting statistics related to agriculture and food, acting as a global food administration, and providing advice and technical assistance to developing countries. Then US President Franklin Roosevelt discussed this idea and supported the establishment of an international organization that would take into account the importance of the food issue. Accordingly, President Roosevelt invited the Allied countries to send delegates to attend the Food and Agriculture Conference in Hot Springs, Virginia, on May 8, 1943. The conference was attended by 45 countries and lasted until June 3 of the same year, and addressed three main topics: food production, consumption, and distribution. The conference called for the establishment of an interim body for food and agriculture, paving the way for the creation of a special international organization in this field. The organization was founded in 1945, and has more than 190 member states, including the European Union, and is headquartered in Rome. The organization seeks to achieve food security and eradicate hunger. In the preamble to the organization's constitution, amended in 1965, member states committed themselves to working individually and collectively to improve nutrition and living standards and free humanity from hunger. The organization's motto, " FIAT PANIS " in Latin, means "Give us bread" in Arabic, symbolizing its main mission of achieving food security.[3]

Since its founding, the organization has sought to develop plans and programs to combat hunger and contribute to strategies to eradicate poverty and hunger. Eradicating hunger and poverty is one of its main goals worldwide. Although the world has the capacity to produce enough food to meet everyone’s needs, more than 800 million people still suffer from hunger. The organization focuses on ensuring the availability of food, as the main basis for food security, with the aim of achieving greater prosperity, peace and sustainability.[4]

The organization seeks to address the issue of hunger by focusing on strategies that aim to reduce the impact of food shortages and support people who fall into the cycle of poverty. The organization is committed to providing the necessary resources and support. Since 1996, international initiatives have played an important role in addressing the problem of hunger and enhancing food security. By adopting a collaborative approach, the organization aims to improve people’s access to food, especially in areas most affected by hunger, such as some areas in Africa. It also focuses on developing policies and practices that encourage community independence and reduce dependence on external aid.

The State is organizing a global conference of heads of state to discuss global food security management with the aim of eradicating hunger and poverty. This initiative requires cooperation and participation, recognizing the needs and rights of communities, especially in weak countries and governments. Various organizations and communities are actively participating in this process by raising awareness through regular, informed dialogue. To achieve tangible change, it is necessary to strengthen these efforts, with the aim of overcoming the problem of food security and reducing hunger, while striving to achieve the goal of providing sufficient food by 2030.[5]

FAO plays a pivotal role in promoting international regulatory cooperation in its areas of expertise, focusing on nutrition, food and agriculture, and covers all aspects of the food chain from production to consumption. FAO also contributes to global collaborative efforts through international regulation, policy convergence and coordination in its fields. As one of the first specialized agencies of the United Nations, FAO has a nearly global reach, making it a vital platform for coordination with the IRC in the sectors of nutrition, food and agriculture.

The organization's purpose, as stated in the preamble to its Constitution, is "to improve the nutrition and living standards of the people, to increase the efficiency of production and distribution of all food and agricultural products, and to improve the living conditions of rural populations." In doing so, the organization contributes to the creation of a broader world economy and contributes to the eradication of hunger. Accordingly, Article 1 of the Constitution gives FAO broad powers covering the areas of nutrition, food, and agriculture, including "fisheries and marine products, forestry and primary  forestry ." the FDA are as follows:

- Collect, research, analyze, and disseminate information related to food and dairy products.

- Enhancing cooperation at the national and international levels in the fields of nutrition, food, agriculture, and technological, social and economic research.

- Preserving natural resources and applying modern methods to develop agricultural production.

States are obligated to do what is necessary to assist visitors in fulfilling their obligations under the Aliens and UN Convention.

Based on the action plan developed by the Food and Agriculture Workshop, the global strategic objectives include:

- Develop policies to eliminate food insecurity, and ensure the provision of up-to-date information on hunger, food security and related challenges.

- Supporting agriculture and fisheries by promoting policies and practices that support productive agricultural sectors to ensure sustainability and productivity, in addition to preserving natural resources.

- Assisting countries to enhance their capacity to adapt to natural and international changes by improving their food and agricultural systems.

The core functions and responsibilities of the United Nations are to fulfill the obligations set out in the Organization's Constitution, by assisting countries in addressing threats and crises through advocacy, and implementing global, regional and climate agreements to achieve the desired goals.[6]

The ability to withstand threats and crises by providing support to countries in implementing the commitments contained in the Organization’s Constitution, and working to conclude global, regional and national agreements, are among the Organization’s core tasks.

Working with the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, and the World Food Programme to provide economic support to enhance food security, some 75,000 women in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Niger and Rwanda have benefited from this support, allowing them to increase their income, ensure their food security and enhance their participation in decision-making at the community level. These objectives highlight the role of FAO as a key mechanism for promoting the right to food, addressing obstacles to its implementation, and working to make it a more respected right.

Achieving FAO’s goals, such as ending hunger and promoting sustainable development, requires a safe and pollutant-free environment to support agriculture. This enhances agricultural production, ensures food security, and contributes to the fight against hunger and poverty. Therefore, creating the right environment is vital to achieving these goals  .[7] Achieving FAO’s goals, such as ending hunger and promoting sustainable development, requires a safe and pollutant-free environment to support agriculture. This enhances agricultural production, ensures food security, and contributes to the fight against hunger and poverty. Therefore, creating the right environment is vital to achieving these goals  .[8]

The role of FAO in ensuring global food security

In this section, we have provided an overview of the Food and Agriculture Organization, including its stages of development, specializations and objectives. We have discovered that the organization is one of the largest international organizations concerned with protecting and ensuring the availability of food, and it considers this responsibility one of its priorities. To achieve its basic mission, the organization works hard to secure access to and delivery of food to all individuals, and to implement the necessary measures to achieve this goal  .[9]

Although founded in 1945, FAO began to actively fulfill its duties in 1960, when it launched the "Freedom from Hunger" campaign to mobilize support from countries, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. In addition, in 1962, the organization collaborated with the World Health Organization to create the Codex Alimentations Commission, or "food code", which focuses on setting international food standards aimed at protecting consumer health.

In 1974, the Organization achieved a major breakthrough in the field of food security by organizing the World Food Conference in Rome. This conference came in response to the food crises of the early 1970s, when food shortages led to widespread famine and malnutrition. The conference, which was held in accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution 3180, aimed to address global food challenges. One of the most important outcomes of the conference was the establishment of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, which is one of the major achievements of the Rome Conference in 1974 .[10]

Since then, the issue of food has become an issue of paramount importance, receiving increasing protection and sanctions. States are now held responsible for cases of neglect or violation of this fundamental right.

Given the organization’s strong commitment to the right to food, it launched the Technical Cooperation Programmed in 1976, enabling it to leverage available resources to support countries facing urgent need. Through this programmer, the organization leverages technical expertise in the fields of agriculture, food and nutrition, and plays a pivotal role in sharing knowledge and expertise and promoting best practices. Furthermore, the organization contributes significantly to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by providing assistance and allocating funds to support response and rehabilitation efforts during crises and disasters [11] . Since then, the issue of food has become an issue of paramount importance, receiving increasing protection and sanctions. States are now held responsible for cases of neglect or violation of this fundamental right.

Given the organization’s strong commitment to the right to food, it launched the Technical Cooperation Programmed in 1976, enabling it to leverage available resources to support countries facing urgent need. Through this programmer, the organization leverages technical expertise in the fields of agriculture, food and nutrition, and plays a pivotal role in sharing knowledge and expertise and promoting best practices. Furthermore, the organization contributes significantly to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by providing assistance and allocating funds to support response and rehabilitation efforts during crises and disasters [12] .

The organization launched the "One Billion Hungry" online campaign as part of its initiative to fight hunger, with the aim of raising global awareness about the grave dangers posed by hunger, and motivating heads of state and government to cooperate to combat this serious problem. In addition, the organization introduced a special program for food security targeting low-income countries suffering from food shortages. These countries, which suffer from low income levels, face a large proportion of their population suffering from chronic malnutrition. A country is classified as a low-income and food-deficient country according to criteria set by the World Bank, which include the following:[13]

- These criteria are used to identify countries that are food deficient. When a low-income country requests food aid, the country is first checked to see if it meets the World Bank criteria using the Atlas method. This method, developed by the World Bank, estimates the economic size of countries and calculates their gross national income in US dollars to determine their per capita income. This method ensures that countries that are truly in need of food aid are identified  .[14]

In the fall of 1996, FAO organized the World Summit, which was attended by representatives of 185 countries, as well as heads of state and government. The summit lasted four days and aimed to advocate for nutrition for all, ensure distributive justice among people, build global awareness of hunger and poverty issues, and raise policy demands related to these issues.

The importance of cooperation at the regional and international levels was emphasized, with a focus on supporting and promoting food-related initiatives.

In 2000, the organization became the first to receive a patent from the United Nations, enabling industrial companies to produce bottled coconut water without changing its flavor or nutritional properties. The initiative aimed to break the monopoly in food production and distribution, with a focus on ensuring access to poor countries suffering from malnutrition.

The organization also announced the implementation of measures to support agriculture in the Horn of Africa region, noting the urgent need for assistance due to ongoing food insecurity resulting from climate challenges, limited natural resources, and conflicts. In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the locust invasion between 2020 and 2021 have severely depleted community resources and caused a widespread hunger crisis. To address these challenges, the organization has raised $139 million to provide assistance to food-deficit-affected communities and the most affected countries, with the aim of mitigating risks and preventing crises from worsening.

In addition to its efforts, the Organization provides technical support and creates databases of information and statistics, both in-house and online. As a result of these initiatives, the Organization has a wide range of data covering agriculture, fisheries, forestry, nutrition, and rural development. This information is a critical resource for many Member States, making the Organization a global hub for knowledge and expertise in the field of nutrition. The Organization also serves as a neutral platform for dialogue and discussion on food and agriculture policies, as well as the development of international regulations and harmonized guidelines on nutrition.

[1] Wassim Naama Al-Saadi, The United Nations World Food Programme and Addressing the Challenges of Global Food Security , Al-Noor Library, 2025, Introduction

[2] Nadia Ahmed Omrani, The Legal System of Global Food Security between Theory and Practice , Dar Al Thaqafa, Publishing and Distribution , Jordan , 2014 p. 128.

[3] Hassan Abdullah, International Agricultural Organization and International Bodies, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi for Printing and Publishing, Cairo, 1966. p. 86.

[4] Hope Johnson , International Law and Agroecological Food Systems , Routledge , 2018 , 50 p

[5] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Food Security and Nutrition for All, 2023, article available at https://www.fao.org/food-security-and-nutrition-for-all/ar /

[6] Qardanis , Wafiya, FAO’s efforts to achieve sustainable food security, a study published in the Journal of the Department of Legal and Political Research and Studies, Volume 6, Issue 2, University of Algiers - Ben Youssef Ben Khedda, Algeria, 2022, p. 365.

[7] 

[8] Omar Mahmoud Aamer, The Role of International Responsibility in Protecting the Environment from Pollution, Journal of Legal Sciences, Volume (26), Issue (1), College of Law - University of Baghdad, Baghdad , 2011, p. 307.

[9] Muhammad Sami (Abdul Hamid) Law of International Organizations, Part 1, United Nations, University Publications House 1998, pp. 145-146

[10] Muhammad Sami (Abdul Hamid) Law of International Organizations, Part 1, United Nations, University Publications House 1998, pp. 145-146

^[11] International Response to Global Food Shortages Report available at the link

https://www.ifad.org

^[12]Wajdan Rahem Khader , The Role of Organizations in Protecting the Environment According to Public International Law (A Comparative Study ) https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/220198 Year 2021

^[13] The role of the United Nations in protecting global food security https://www.un.org/ar/global-issues/food

[14] FAO, Horn of Africa needs urgent aid for drought-hit farmers and pastoralists to avert hunger crisis, 2022, article available at https://www.Fao.org

In order to improve the conditions of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, the United Nations, with the approval of the General Assembly, has established specialized bodies that focus on global food security. These organizations aim to address crises, eliminate hunger, and ensure access to food for all. In this context, we will discuss the following specialized entities: In the first section, we will review the role of the World Food Programmed in promoting food security, and in the second section, we will highlight the contributions of the Committee on World Food Security in this area [1] .

The first branch

Food security As defined by the World Food Programmed

The United Nations World Food Programmed ( WFP ) was established in 1961 as the specialized UN agency for food aid, in response to a request from US President Dwight D. Eisenhower , and in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations General Assembly. WFP provides food in emergencies, fights hunger, and promotes peace, and since the 1960s has contributed to social protection efforts that are essential to achieving the goal of ending hunger. The protection provided by WFP is of critical importance, as it contributes to accelerating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by combating poverty, hunger and inequality, in addition to helping individuals and families cope with risks [2] .

WFP is highly regarded for its exceptional capacity to respond rapidly to humanitarian emergencies, use food aid to support economic and social development, and contribute to enhancing global food security and quality, and integrating it into the agenda for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

WFP is the United Nations’ largest emergency relief agency and coordinates logistics in humanitarian crises within the organization. It is governed by a 36-member rotating Executive Board, which meets three times a year. WFP provides a comprehensive range of development services, from emergency aid to reconstruction and resilience building. The programmer’s work is primarily focused on fragile and vulnerable countries, but also includes addressing post-conflict and low-income countries, with the aim of achieving sustainable development.[3]

The World Food Programmed is the world’s largest humanitarian agency, with a budget of around $8 billion, and relies entirely on voluntary contributions, mostly in the form of cash and in-kind donations. Most donations go to support specific operations in specific countries or regions, and the programmer is characterized by flexibility and speed in making decisions. The United States is the largest contributor to the programmer’s budget, with the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and Japan also being major contributors. Thanks to its efforts, the programmer has become the first UN agency to partner with the private sector to combat hunger, with these partnerships focusing on knowledge exchange in three key areas.[4]

A. Expanding financial and technical resources to enhance the programmer’s role and activities in line with its strategy and global sustainable development goals.

b. Sharing risks and responsibilities.

c. Work transparently and efficiently to achieve the humanitarian goal of the programmer.

Collaboration and partnership are not limited to financial support alone, but also include knowledge exchange, technology transfer, as well as innovation and exploration of new ways of collaboration and developing solutions using modern technologies. The programmer continues to play a leading role in building public-private partnerships within the United Nations, with many partnerships adding real value to its work. Some of these partnerships have continued since the programmer’s inception until now, thanks to its status as a trusted agency providing effective humanitarian assistance. The World Food Programmed also leads the global food security cluster and manages the humanitarian services of the United Nations.

WFP works with countries, organizations and international agencies to achieve better results for people. It works in close coordination with other UN agencies, with food aid at the core of this collaboration. For example, WFP works with the World Health Organization to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 on food security. These partnerships aim to increase productivity and strengthen efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition. WFP also works with the Food and Agriculture Organization to improve food production and the distribution of food assistance in emergencies, a core goal of the program’s founding. WFP relies on information and data collected from its country offices, which form the backbone of its operations, enabling appropriate action to be taken that leads to positive results in saving lives and enhancing food security in the poorest countries[5].

WFP works with countries, organizations and international agencies to achieve better results for people. It works in close coordination with other UN agencies, with food aid at the core of this collaboration. For example, WFP works with the World Health Organization to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 on food security. These partnerships aim to increase productivity and strengthen efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition. WFP also works with the Food and Agriculture Organization to improve food production and the distribution of food assistance in emergencies, a core goal of the program’s founding. WFP relies on information and data collected from its country offices, which form the backbone of its operations, enabling appropriate action to be taken that leads to positive results in saving lives and enhancing food security in the poorest countries.[6]

WFP places great emphasis on combating hunger in emergencies and crises, but it also recognizes the importance of finding sustainable, long-term solutions, which requires cooperation with countries around the world to achieve this goal.

WFP aims to provide food to the most vulnerable people to sustain their lives and health, and works extensively in areas such as West Africa, Yemen and Somalia. However, the programmer noted that conflict, climate change and environmental conditions are hampering its ability to carry out its mission. For example, the conflict in Ukraine has caused global food and fuel prices to rise, significantly impacting its efforts to feed millions of people in West Africa, where hunger has reached unprecedented levels in the past decade. “Rising food and fuel prices are not only putting millions at risk of hunger, but are also forcing WFP to reduce assistance to those most in need,” said Chris Nikon , WFP’s Regional Director for West Africa. “As the conflict in Ukraine continues, ports and suppliers have become unavailable due to delays or cancellations of shipments from the Black Sea, negatively impacting WFP’s operations in West Africa,” he added.

Elvira warned Bruising , Deputy Regional Director, said that the serious consequences of the food crisis and malnutrition caused by climate change and conflicts, which can lead to social unrest, riots and political instability as a result of food shortages, are not enough to solve the problem of hunger, unless they are supported by sustainable and long-term solutions  [7].

The second branch:Food Protection According to the Committee on World Food Security

The Committee on World Food Security was established in 1974 as an international body within the United Nations system to monitor food security policies worldwide. The Committee works hard to achieve a world free of hunger, working closely with the World Food Programmed and working in concert with countries to support efforts to eradicate hunger and ensure food security for all.

Countries apply the principles set by the Committee to support global food security within the framework of national food security. The Committee also plays an important role in promoting global nutrition through policy convergence among countries and the exchange of experiences, knowledge and information. Improving global nutrition is a key area of special interest to the Committee.[8]

Membership in the CFS is open to all members of WFP and FAO, as well as to UN Member States. The Committee’s members are representatives of UN agencies, who must be specialists and have expertise in the areas of food security and nutrition. The Committee’s decisions are based on consensus among Member States, which have only voting rights. The Committee’s decision-making and recommendations are based on the latest available information and knowledge, as well as sound evidence.[9]

The mission of the Committee on World Food Security is to focus on global nutrition issues and work to find effective solutions to them. The Committee studies and analyzes nutrition problems and develops solutions to address them, all of these activities are carried out under the supervision of the United Nations. The Committee also undertakes many tasks, which are as follows:[10]

- Providing global guidance and information and advocacy in nutrition to ensure commitments and investments at the highest levels, and working to achieve tangible progress towards food security for all.- Strengthening dialogue and communication and encouraging joint cooperation between UN agencies with the aim of raising nutrition levels.

- Implement policies, guidelines and strategies in response to countries’ food security needs.

- Strengthening global coherence through the exchange of knowledge, experiences and practices, setting a global nutrition agenda and identifying the causes of malnutrition.

- Enhancing global communication through networks and forums, which contributes to raising awareness of nutrition and achieving tangible results in this field.

- Participation, cooperation and dialogue with all stakeholders.

The Committee on World Food Security has made it clear that, within the framework of global, regional and national efforts to eradicate malnutrition, protracted crises require special attention and a tailored response. The response must be rapid and appropriate to the severity of the crisis, as the response to protracted crises differs from that occurring in non-crisis periods. Although there is no unified international definition of protracted crises, conflicts, occupation, terrorism, natural disasters, human-made disasters, and climate change are all crises that affect food security. These crises affect all aspects of food security in terms of food availability, access, stability and utilization, which calls for more effective, rapid and efficient policies and actions.

The Committee on World Food Security calls for intensified and accelerated efforts and proposals for a new framework for action that expands its contribution to combating malnutrition in all its forms, in line with its mandate. This includes the implementation of the UN Decade on Nutrition, which reflects the commitment of UN Member States to eradicate malnutrition globally. Nutrition is a key component of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and this can only be achieved through improved nutritional status . The UN Decade on Nutrition provides a safe and effective environment for all countries to achieve this goal.

The Committee on World Food Security calls for intensified and accelerated efforts and proposals for a new framework for action that expands its contribution to combating malnutrition in all its forms, in line with its mandate. This includes the implementation of the UN Decade on Nutrition, which reflects the commitment of UN Member States to eradicate malnutrition globally. Nutrition is a key component of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and this can only be achieved through improved nutritional status . The UN Decade on Nutrition provides a safe and effective environment for all countries to achieve this goal.[11]

Regardless of the income of countries or the challenges related to malnutrition, as well as the specific characteristics of their food and health systems, governments and concerned organizations must take the necessary measures at the highest political level. This is done through periodic reporting to the UN General Assembly, as well as to the main bodies of FAO and WHO. The UN mechanisms concerned with nutrition are also involved, as well as the participation of the Committee on World Food Security and other relevant intergovernmental bodies  .[12]

The United Nations Member States, their nutrition agencies and the international community have committed to eradicating malnutrition in all its forms through the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition (2016-2025). This Decade is a declaration based on a programmer of action that covers a set of areas related to the Sustainable Development Goals, as follows:[13]

Designing sustainable and resilient food systems that are resilient to crises, ensuring diverse and sustainable diets are available at all times.

- Implement key actions related to improving nutrition, with a focus on strengthening social protection programmers and nutrition education.

- Encouraging trade and investment with the aim of improving the nutritional status .

- Providing safe and healthy environments that support the achievement of nutrition goals.

- Strengthening accountability to ensure that negligent parties in the areas of nutrition are held accountable.

The UN Decade of Action on Nutrition is a vital framework to support global efforts to combat all forms of malnutrition. It also reflects its relevance in the context of recent global agreements and frameworks, such as the UN Global Nutrition Plan.

From what has been discussed, it is clear that international texts and agreements, which emphasize the importance of providing and protecting food at the global level, along with specialized bodies and agencies within the United Nations system and collective and coordinated efforts among the concerned parties, seek to achieve nutrition goals and promote sustainable development. However, despite these efforts, the results are still far from expectations, as the number of people suffering from hunger around the world continues to increase, indicating the existence of challenges that hinder the achievement of the desired goals.

[1] Food and Agriculture Organization, The Normative Role of FAO, Rome, 1998, available at

[2] David M. Beasley , Social Security Programme , Para Aapoyar The Social Protection Program Food World (WFP), 2021, pp7 .

[3] Mario Leeflang, Scorecard World Food Programme (WFP), Multilateral Directorate Institutions in Human Rights , 2017, pp.5 .

[4] Direction Multilateral Institution in Human Rights , World Food Programme (WFP), 2021, pp.8 .

[5] Direction Multilateral Institution in Human Rights , World Food Programme (WFP) – 2021 scorecard, 2021 pp.10 .

[6] Mario Leeflang , Scorecard World Food Programme (WFP), Directorate of Multilateral Institutions in Human Rights , 2017. pp.12 .

[7] United Nations, Food insecurity in West and Central Africa at record high, 2023, article available at:   https://news.un.org

[8] WORLD FOOD SECURITY Committee, March La Nutricion Rome 2022, _(Italy), 2017, pp4. Document (CFS 2017/44/8 Rev.1)

[9] Committee on World Food Security, Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, 50th Session, Rome, 2022, p.5, Document No. 22 CFS. 2022/50/INF

[10] Committee on World Food Security, Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, 50th Session, Rome, 2022, p.5, Document No. 22 CFS. 2022/50/INF

[11] Sharon Friel & Others, Global Governance for Nutrition and The Role of Unscn ,

United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, Roma (Italia), 2017, pp.5 .

[12] United Nations, United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016 Article available at the electronic link

https://www.un.org

[13] United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, Guidance Note for United Nations Country Teams,

Rome, Italy , p. 62, document available on the website:                                                    www.unscn.org

Food security is a concept that has received wide attention from international and global organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which has focused on it as a basic alternative to the concept of self-sufficiency, as a result of recent changes in international relations and the restructuring of global economies, in addition to the role played by major countries' aid to developing countries. Food security is defined as ensuring that individuals have access to sufficient quantities of food at all times, with a focus on the quality and safety of food to ensure a healthy life. This is achieved by providing permanent food supplies, according to the standards set by the FAO.

Through this research, a set of results was reached that highlight the importance of enhancing food security, followed by a number of recommendations aimed at improving ways to achieve this goal at the levels.

Local and international.

CONCLUSION

1. The study of the topic of food security shows the multiplicity of definitions associated with it, as food security is understood as ensuring the availability of food for all individuals, at any time, in quantities and types that allow them to live a healthy, sound and active life.

2.  Different levels of the concept of food security can be distinguished: the first level refers to food production within the country that is equal to or exceeds local demand, while the second level deals with the ability of the country or group of countries to provide goods and food materials in whole or in part.

3.  The research showed that food security is a multidimensional social phenomenon that requires a comprehensive study. It is a political process that includes a fundamental role for the state and society, with a focus on utilizing local food resources with the aim of reducing or avoiding external dependence. From here, the transition to the stage of international cooperation is made, whether through exchange in global food markets or through international aid.

4.  Unlike sudden disasters, food insecurity develops gradually or slowly. Addressing this phenomenon requires targeted nutritional interventions aimed at preventing or effectively treating acute malnutrition.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

No funding sources

The study was approved by the University of sumer- Iraq

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