Background: Present study was done to evaluate the sleep duration among Adult Population of Shimla city and its associated factors.Methods: It was a Cross sectional community-based study conducted in Shimla city from Nov 2021- April 2022 among Adult population having age between 18-60 years. A pre-tested self-administered, anonymous, semi-structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the sleep pattern and sleep habits. The collected Data was thoroughly screened and entered in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet 2007 and analyzed by using Epi Info v7 software. Results: In the present study a total of 408 adults age between 18-60 years selected from all 34 municipal wards of Shimla city were participated. Among the total 408 participants, 298 (73%) participants had adequate sleep duration of (6-8 hours) followed by 68 (16.7%) participants had inadequate sleep duration of >8 hours followed by 42 (10.3%) participants had inadequate sleep duration of <6 hours. In the present study, 130 (31.9%) participants went to bed for sleep on an average 10-11 pm, followed by 111 (27.2%) participants went to bed for sleep after 12 am. Similarly, 135 (33.1%) participants wake up after 8 am in the morning, followed by 105 (25.7%) participants wake up 6-7 am in the morning, 92 (22.5%) participants wake up by 7-8 am in the morning, 61 (15.0%) participants wake up 5-6 am in the morning and rest 15 (3.7%) participants wake up before 5 am in the morning. In the present study, adequate sleeping duration pattern was significantly associated with the time to sleep and wake up, habit of watching TV/Laptop before sleep, day time sleeping, time gap between eating and sleeping, intake of sleeping or other pills, exercise and snoring habits. (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study concluded that almost one fourth of study participants slept for inadequate duration. Mostly slept after 10pm and wake up after 8 am. Sleep duration was significantly associated with different sleeping habits.

Background: Tests for Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Serum Cholesterol, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Levels are intended to screen and measure the levels of these particular important substances in the body and to recommend treatments and corrective measures. The present study aimed to evaluate the results of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Serum Cholesterol, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) tests done at a Private Laboratory in New Delhi. Methods: A retrospective review of records of a private laboratory named Labcorp Diagnostics Pvt Ltd covering the period 1^st to 31^st January 2022 was done. Laboratory data of study participants who were undergone Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Serum Cholesterol, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) during the study period were retrieved and analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: In the present retrospective review, laboratory data of 169 study participants who were undergone Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), Serum Cholesterol, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) tests were analyzed. The mean Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) level was 6.07±1.294%. 61(36.1%) had their HbA1c level in the normal range, 77(45.6%) had HbA1c level below the normal range while only 31(18.3%) study participants had their HbA1c level above the normal range. The mean Serum cholesterol Level was 191±47.547 mg/dL. 75(44.4%) had their Serum cholesterol Level in the normal range, 94(55.6%) had Serum cholesterol Levels above the normal range and none of the study participants had their Serum cholesterol Level below the normal range. The mean Serum TSH Level was 2.950±2.156 mIU/L. 149(88.2%) had their Serum TSH Level in the normal range, 16(9.5%) had Serum TSH levels above the normal range while only 4(2.4%) of the study participants had their Serum TSH Level below the normal range. Conclusion: Present study concluded that almost one-fifth of the study participants had their Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level above the normal range, more than half of the study participants had their Serum cholesterol Level above the normal range while almost one-tenth of study participants had their Serum TSH Level above the normal range.

Background: Hemoglobin (Hb), Vitamin B-12 and Vitamin D tests are designed to screen & measure the levels of these specific vital components in the body and suggest corrective action & treatment plans. The present study aimed to analyze the results of Hemoglobin (Hb), Serum Vitamin B-12 and Vitamin D tests done at a Private Laboratory in New Delhi. Methods: Retrospective review of records of a private laboratory named Labcorp Diagnostics Pvt Ltd covering the period 1^st to 31^st January 2022 was done. Laboratory data of study participants who were undergone Hemoglobin (Hb), Vitamin B-12 and Vitamin D tests during the study period was retrieved and analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: In the present retrospective review, laboratory data of 169 study participants who had undergone Hemoglobin (Hb), Vitamin B-12 and Vitamin D tests was analyzed. Mean Haemoglobin (Hb) level was 12.53±2.082g/dL. 109(64.5%) had their Hb level in normal range, 56(33.1%) had Hb level below the normal range while only 4(2.4%) study participants had their Hb level above the normal range. Mean Serum B12 Level was 370.02±357.223ng/mL. 96(56.8%) had their Serum B12 Level in normal range, 61(36.1%) had Serum B12 Level below the normal range while only 12(7.1%) study participants had their Serum B12 Level above the normal range. Mean Serum Vit D3 Level was 24.28±24.268ng/mL. 41(24.3%) had their Serum Vit D3 Level in normal range, 127(75.1%) had Serum Vit D3 Level below the normal range while only 1(0.6%) study participants had their Serum Vit D3 Level above the normal range. Conclusion: Present study concluded that almost one third of the study participants had their Hemoglobin (Hb) and serum Vitamin B-12 level below the normal range while almost three fourth of the study participants had their Serum Vit D3 Level below the normal range.

Over the past decade, infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in India have improved, though they remain sub-optimal and linked to persistent child undernutrition. Analysis of eight key breastfeeding indicators shows significant increases in early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding from 2006 to 2017 across genders, urban-rural areas, educational levels, and wealth quintiles. Despite these gains, disparities persist, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to further improve IYCF practices nationwide.