Background: Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a critical global health challenge, threatening the efficacy of antibiotics and leading to prolonged illnesses, higher healthcare costs, and increased mortality. Public awareness of AR and the responsible use of antibiotics are pivotal in combating this issue. This study aimed to assess awareness levels of antibiotic resistance among the residents of Shimla, focusing on knowledge gaps, socio-demographic influences, and perceptions regarding antibiotic use.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Shimla district over three months (August–October 2024), encompassing urban and rural populations. A structured, pre-tested questionnaire captured socio-demographic data and assessed awareness of antibiotic resistance, causes, consequences, and preventive practices. The study included 400 participants selected through convenience sampling. Scores were categorized as Very Good (>80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to identify trends and correlations.Results:The study revealed moderate awareness levels, with 20.50% scoring "Very Good," 36.25% "Good," 31.75% "Fair," and 11.50% "Poor." While 65.00% identified self-medication as a key contributor to AR, only 52.50% correctly stated that antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections. Misconceptions about antibiotic use and resistance mechanisms were prevalent, with only 51.00% accurately defining AR. Awareness of improper disposal contributing to resistance was low (44.50%). Rural residents (57.50% of the sample) and individuals with lower educational attainment demonstrated significantly lower awareness.Conclusion: The study underscores critical gaps in public knowledge about antibiotic resistance, particularly among rural and less-educated populations. While some foundational awareness exists, misconceptions and limited understanding of resistance mechanisms and preventive measures persist. Targeted, community-specific educational interventions focusing on the appropriate use of antibiotics, the importance of completing prescribed courses, and proper disposal practices are essential. Public health strategies must prioritize underserved populations to reduce the misuse of antibiotics and mitigate the spread of resistance, safeguarding antibiotics for future generations.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Early identification and intervention can significantly improve outcomes, yet parental awareness and understanding are crucial for early detection. This study aimed to evaluate parental understanding of ASD symptoms, available diagnostic and intervention options, and common misconceptions, to inform public health initiatives and promote early intervention efforts.Materials& Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was employed to assess parental awareness of ASD across diverse districts in Himachal Pradesh. The study included 400 parents and primary caregivers aged 18 and above, residing in the state for at least 12 months. Data collection was conducted over three months (August–October 2024) through a structured online questionnaire distributed via social media and online platforms. The questionnaire comprised two sections: socio-demographic details and 20 structured questions assessing knowledge on ASD symptoms, diagnostic and intervention options, and prevalent myths. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info V7, calculating frequencies and percentages to interpret awareness levels and identify demographic trends.Results: The results indicated varied awareness levels among participants. Many parents (63.5%) identified common early signs of ASD, such as delayed speech and limited social interaction, while 69.5% recognized symptom onset as early as age two. However, only 59% correctly identified diagnostic professionals, and only 52% were aware of community resources for ASD support. Table 2 shows knowledge scores distribution: 26% of participants scored “Very Good” (16–20 points), 32.5% scored “Good” (12–15 points), 27.5% scored “Fair” (8–11 points), and 14% scored “Poor” (<8 points). These findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions, particularly for those with foundational or limited knowledge of ASD.Conclusion: This study highlights significant awareness gaps among parents in Himachal Pradesh regarding Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorders, particularly in understanding diagnostic processes, intervention options, and available support resources. While foundational knowledge exists, targeted education is essential to bridge misconceptions and promote early ASD recognition and intervention. Addressing these gaps through community-based public health initiatives can empower parents to support their children effectively, fostering a more supportive environment for ASD diagnosis and management across Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a significant public health concern among reproductive-age women, contributing to severe complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and chronic pelvic pain. Despite its prevalence, awareness and knowledge about PID, its risk factors, symptoms, and preventive measures remain inadequate, particularly in rural regions. District Kangra, characterized by its socio-cultural and economic diversity, offers a unique context for understanding public awareness of PID and identifying barriers to healthcare access.Material and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, over three months from July to September 2024. A sample of 400 reproductive-age women (18–45 years) was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-validated structured questionnaire divided into two sections: socio-demographic information and PID knowledge assessment. The questionnaire included 20 multiple-choice questions addressing PID symptoms, risk factors, complications, prevention, and barriers to care. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to identify associations between socio-demographic variables and knowledge levels.Results: The study revealed that 78% of participants identified PID as an infection of the reproductive organs, while 71% recognized pelvic pain as a key symptom. Awareness of complications such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy was strong (80% and 76%, respectively). However, gaps were noted in understanding preventive measures and risk factors, with 63% failing to identify that age alone is not a significant risk factor. Socio-cultural and financial barriers were reported by 73% and 67% of participants, respectively. Knowledge scores were classified as very good (27%), good (38%), fair (24%), and poor (11%), highlighting significant variations in awareness levels. Rural residents and participants with lower educational attainment demonstrated poorer knowledge levels, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions.Conclusion: This study underscores the urgent need for community-centered interventions to enhance PID awareness, focusing on addressing misconceptions and socio-cultural barriers. Integrating PID education into reproductive health programs, providing financial and logistical support for screenings, and leveraging community health workers can significantly improve knowledge and health outcomes. The findings serve as a foundation for designing scalable public health initiatives tailored to rural settings like Kangra.

Background: Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women globally, despite being largely preventable through early screening and vaccination. In resource-limited settings like Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, socio-economic and cultural factors often hinder awareness and access to preventive measures such as Pap smears and HPV vaccination. Understanding the knowledge levels and barriers to cervical cancer prevention is critical for designing effective public health interventions.Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 women aged 18 years and above in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, from July to September 2024. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire comprising two sections: socio-demographic details and a knowledge assessment on cervical cancer and its prevention. Knowledge scores were categorized into four levels: Very Good (>80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to evaluate correlations.Results: The study population comprised 68% rural residents, with the majority engaged in homemaking (40%) and agriculture (26%). While 78% correctly identified cervical cancer as cancer of the cervix, only 71% were aware of HPV as a major risk factor, and 78.5% recognized the preventive role of HPV vaccination. Knowledge about Pap smears as a screening tool was high (75%), but only 64% were familiar with screening frequency recommendations. Barriers to screening included socio-cultural stigma (69%) and economic constraints (58%). Knowledge distribution revealed 27% with very good scores, 34% with good scores, 29% with fair scores, and 10% with poor scores.Conclusion: The findings indicate a foundational awareness of cervical cancer among women in Kangra, with significant gaps in comprehensive knowledge and persistent socio-cultural barriers to screening. Addressing these gaps through targeted, culturally appropriate educational campaigns, enhancing accessibility to screening services, and promoting HPV vaccination are imperative to improving cervical cancer prevention and early detection in this community.

Iraq had witnessed two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic during the years 2020 and 2021, with date-dependent fluctuations of the mortality rate. However, Thi-Qar governorate, like all other Iraqi governorates, had witnessed the two waves of the pandemic attacks.Methodology: This study evaluates and statistically analyzes the mortality rate, taking into account the influences of gender, age, the date of death, and the city or district of residence. Mortality) are categorized according to gender, method of diagnosis, date of passing out, and age group and evaluated during the study period extending from February 2020 to April 2022.Results: The study has shown that of the 2129 victims who passed out, 59.4% are males and 40.6% are females, with an age range of a few days to 110 years old, yet around 75.5% are positive for RT-CPR, while the others are diagnosed using CT- scans, X-ray radiological examinations, and clinical examinations, of which 73.23% are admitted as severe cases. In fact, there is no statistically significant correlation between the gender of the victims and the diagnosis method used (p_value: 0.77), but there is a very highly significant relation (P_value < 0.0001) between the mortality rate and method of diagnosis. Remarkably, 99.9% of the mortality cases were unvaccinated; besides, the mortality rate is 91.73 deaths/100,000, or 9.173/million, of population, while the case fatality rate was 2.067%, which is as double as the Iraq case fatality rate at the end of March 2022, which was 1.086%, where there is a statistically significant relation between mortalities, gender, and residence district (p_value: 0.022), particularly for males and females of both Marshlands/east and intermediate north districts of Thi-Qar, which has the greatest contribution to total fatalities. However, there is no statistically significant correlation between mortalities gender and the city of residence, although both Al-Nasiriya, followed by Al-Shatra cities, have the greatest contribution to the total number of fatalities. In addition, there is no significant relation between mortalities age group and gender (p_value: 0.09), as well as the district of residence (p_value: 0.898), yet age group mortalities have a highly significant relation (p_value: 0.003) with the city of residence, where both Al-Nasiriya followed by Al-Shatra as cities of residence have the greatest contribution to the total number of fatalities, although in the three cases, the age group of over 65 years old has the greatest contribution to the total fatalities. Remarkably, it has been found that according to 10-15-year-old dividing of age groups up to 65 years old, there is no statistically significant relation between mortalities, gender, and comorbidity (p_value: 0.717), although co-morbidity combinations such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and respiratory diseases have a significantly greater contribution to the total fatalities on the one hand, yet there is a very high significant relation between mortalities, age group, and comorbidity (p_value: < 0.001), particularly those of 55-65 and over 65 years old on the other hand. Meanwhile, it is worthy to note that according to 15-year dividing of age groups for those below 44 years old and 20 years old for those 45 years old, there is a very significant relation between the victims age group and co-morbidities (p-value < 0.001), although there is no statistically significant correlation between the victims age group and gender, residence city, and residence district with corresponding p-values of 0.069, 0.939, and 0.375, respectively. During the two successive years of the pandemic 2020 and 2021, two pairs of mortality rate peaks escalations have been observed, one pair for each year. The summer peak started in May of the two years and declined to the base line in autumn in both years, preceded by a winter-to-spring peak. However, characteristic troughts have been observed occurring approximately at the same interval (October), just after the end of the imam Al-Hussein Bin Ali Ziyarat AL-Arbaeen rituals that had involved several hundred thousand to millions of the pilgrims in close proximity to each other, and continuing to around a three-month interval in contrast to what was expected of gathering and approximation negative impact on COVD-19 infection expansion/acquisition.Conclusion: The variations in fatality rates between genders could be related to gene-related hormonal influences on the victims immune surveillance; however, the variations in fatalities among residence districts and cities are residence population-attributed incidence rate, ethnic, race, educational, as well as personal hygiene-attributed variations. The remarkable difference in monthly mortality pattern between the year 2020 of the pandemic and 2021 encourages presuming the arising/involvement of a new SARS-CoV-2 virus strain in the second year, although it was probably less virulent than that of the first one. However, there is no significant correlation between the mortalities and the date of death among the two genders. 

Background: Clubfoot, a congenital deformity of the foot, if left untreated, can result in significant physical disability and psychological distress. Early diagnosis and timely intervention, such as the Ponseti method, are critical for effective management. Despite advancements in treatment, public awareness regarding clubfoot and its early management remains limited, particularly in rural areas like Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh. This study assesses the knowledge and awareness of clubfoot among the general public in Hamirpur to identify gaps and suggest targeted interventions.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over three months, involving 400 residents of Hamirpur selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, pre-validated questionnaire comprising two sections: socio-demographic details and knowledge assessment. The survey included questions on the signs, risk factors, treatment options, and barriers to care for clubfoot. Knowledge scores were categorized into four levels: very good, good, fair, and poor. Statistical analysis, including frequencies and percentages, was performed to evaluate awareness levels and identify correlations with socio-demographic variables.Results: The study population included 45% males and 55% females, with 65% residing in rural areas. Most participants were aged 26–35 years (35.5%) and had secondary (28%) or undergraduate (30%) education. While 74% correctly identified clubfoot as a congenital deformity, only 63% were aware of prenatal detection methods. The importance of early treatment was recognized by 80%, and 77.5% were aware of the Ponseti method. However, financial constraints (73.5%) and lack of awareness (72.5%) were identified as major barriers to treatment. Knowledge scores revealed that 28% had very good awareness, 34.5% had good knowledge, 27.5% had fair understanding, and 10% scored poorly.Conclusion: The findings highlight a reasonable baseline awareness of clubfoot among Hamirpur residents, with significant gaps in technical and preventive knowledge. Targeted educational campaigns, integration of clubfoot education into maternal health programs, and financial support for treatment are essential to bridge these gaps. Addressing socio-economic barriers and fostering community-wide awareness can ensure early diagnosis and intervention, improving outcomes for affected children

Background: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, yet public awareness of its risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options remains limited, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Early detection and prevention are critical to improving outcomes, but this requires a well-informed public. This study assesses the knowledge and awareness of lung cancer among the general population of Himachal Pradesh, with a focus on identifying gaps and informing targeted health interventions.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 420 adults in Himachal Pradesh from August to October 2024. A structured, pre-validated questionnaire was used, comprising two sections: socio-demographic details and a knowledge assessment about lung cancer. The knowledge assessment included 20 multiple-choice questions covering risk factors, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, and poor.Results: The study population included 46.4% males and 53.6% females, with 58.8% residing in rural areas. While 75.2% of participants correctly identified lung cancer as a tumor affecting the lungs, only 66.3% were aware of early symptoms like persistent cough. Awareness of smoking as a primary risk factor was high (84.4%), but knowledge of other risk factors, such as exposure to pollutants, was moderate (59.1%). Regarding treatment options, 63.7% identified surgery as a common modality. Knowledge scores revealed that 62.9% of participants fell into the good to very good categories, while 36.8% exhibited fair to poor knowledge, highlighting gaps in understanding, particularly among rural and lower-educated groups.Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to bridge knowledge gaps about lung cancer. Awareness campaigns focusing on symptom recognition, prevention, and treatment options, especially tailored for rural and underserved populations, are crucial. These efforts can empower individuals, promote early detection, and ultimately reduce the burden of lung cancer in Himachal Pradesh.

 Background: Uterine fibroids, often known as UFs, are a prevalent condition affecting the female reproductive system. The prevalence of UFs has been determined to vary from 25% to 80%. Aim of the study: The goal of research was to evaluate the cytokine status such as IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, HLA-G, progestron and estrogen levels  in women with uterine fibroids, then study the correlation of these parameters with obesity. Materials and methods: The study included 90 samples, 60 of them diagnosed with uterine fibroid and 30 controls, their age between 20-45 years. The patients enrolled into Tikrit Teaching hospital and private hospital in Tikrit City. Examination of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, HLA-G, progestron and estrogen levels based on enzyme linked immunoassay ELISA. Result: This study showed increase estrogen, TNF-α , HLA-G, and IL10 in women with  Uterine leiomyomas that were (303.24±28.783, 55.73±16.06, 56.9±13.08, 12.43±1.039) as compared with control that were (176.33±15.751, 26.75±2.72, 13.1900±7.03, 5.67±1.083), at P-value <0.05. As  for Progesterone and IL-6, the study showed no differences between patients and control at p-value >0.05. As for BMI, the study  showed increase estrogen in obesity and Overweight women that were (301.62± 14.081, 344.00±18.37),as compared with Normal weight. Furthermore, increase Progesterone, and IL6 in overweight women that were (8.71±1.13, 6.33±0.95 ), in compared with other groups<at P-value <0.05.Conclusion: This study concluded increase IL-10, HLA-G, TNF-α, and estrogen in Uterine leiomyomas, While no differences in progestron, and IL-6 level

Osteoporosis is defined as a complete loss of bone tissue. Additionally, it has been connected to increased rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in relation to hip and vertebral fractures. These fractures are very expensive to treat and leave their victims severely disabled, which has a major financial impact on the healthcare system. Because of this, osteoporosis is a disease that goes unnoticed but is currently a serious public health issue. Appropriate preventive and therapeutic actions need to be implemented in order to identify risk factors. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to ascertain the associations between osteoporosis and certain variables that may be listed and considered risk factors, such as demographics, menstrual and obstetrical factors in females, lifestyle and habit, history of fragility fractures, family history of osteoporosis, chronic medical disorders, and medication. Along with researching the part radiological testing plays in diagnosing this significant skeletal condition.

Background: Diabetes is a non-communicable and severe disease sometimes referred to as a "silent killer." Hypertension often occurs alongside renal issues, and both hurt the kidneys. They are a primary factor in the development of cardiovascular problems and immune and nervous system issues. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers play a role in the development of cardiovascular and renal problems in individuals with diabetes and hypertension. Aim: The study examines the impact of lisinopril versus telmisartan on creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels in newly diagnosed hypertensive diabetic patients. methodology: The study followed a randomized controlled comparative trial format for seven months. Forty-three patients were treated with lisinopril and 39 with telmisartan. All patients were using the medication glibenclamide. Forty-eight healthy individuals were selected as controls. Enzymatic, colorimetric, and uricase methods were utilized to test serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Results: Research findings indicate that diabetic patients undergoing treatment with Lisinopril experienced a notable reduction in blood creatinine levels. In contrast, individuals treated with telmisartan saw a considerable decline in serum urea levels but a significant rise in uric acid levels.  Conclusion: Lisinopril may be more effective than telmisartan in preserving renal function.  

Background: For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) is worried that smoking could make COVID-19 more common. Aim of Study: This study aimed to determine the extent of lung involvement and its outcomes in cigarette smokers with COVID-19 as evaluated by CT scan imaging in Kirkuk city. It is the first study of its kind conducted in Iraq. Patients and Methods: From December 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021, a prospective observational study was done in the city of Kirkuk. Six hundred people who were sick with COVID-19 and went to Kirkuk General Hospital, Al-Shifaa Epidemiological Hospital, or Azadi Teaching Hospital were part of the study. The COVID-19 diagnosis was based on WHO guidelines and was supported by RT-PCR testing of samples from the nose and throat. The clinical range of COVID-19 was categorized based on guidelines from the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Within 3–7 days of the infection, a chest CT scan was done to see how involved the lungs were and to find pneumonia. Two weeks after the infection, patients were called to see if their health had improved, gotten worse, or died. Results: Of the 600 COVID-19 cases, 16.33% (98 of them) were smokers. For smokers, the chance of getting a serious COVID-19 infection went up with age and was higher for men. It was found that 42.86% of smokers had a serious infection, 10.2% had a critical infection, and 24.49% had a moderate infection (P<0.001). Most of the tobacco patients smoked less than 20 cigarettes a day, but 18.37% smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day. After two weeks, 73.47% of smoking patients got better, 20.41 % had problems, and 6.12 % had died. The patients who had died smoked 36.67 cigarettes a day on average, followed by those who had problems (19 cigarettes) and those who got better (12.75 cigarettes) (P<0.001). A positive relationship was found between the number of cigarettes smoked each day and CT results (r: 0.51, P<0.01) and the length of time someone smoked (r: 0.31, P<0.05). The longer someone smoked and their spO2 level were both negatively related (r: -0.78, P<0.001), as was the number of cigarettes they smoked each day (r: -0.75, P<0.001). Conclusions: The chance of getting COVID-19 went up with age and male gender in users. A lot of the people who were there had been smoking for more than 11 years. The study found that the people who had died had smoked for an average of 29 years and smoked the most cigarettes every day. For smokers with COVID-19, there was a link between the length of time they had smoked and the results of the CT scan and a link between the length of time they had smoked and their spO2 level.

The global health landscape has been profoundly impacted by the emergence and resurgence of respiratory viruses, particularly Influenza and SARS-CoV-2, presenting significant challenges in public health management and control. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technologies have emerged as pivotal in the accurate, rapid, and efficient diagnosis of these viruses, offering unparalleled precision in detecting viral RNA. This review article explores the comprehensive methodology of PCR diagnostics, emphasizing critical aspects such as specimen collection, laboratory best practices, and the procedural intricacies of PCR testing for Influenza and COVID-19. Through an examination of enhanced RNA extraction techniques and the strategic application of confirmatory assays, the article highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach to overcome inherent PCR limitations and improve diagnostic accuracy. The nuanced PCR protocols, combined with rigorous internal controls and the use of specific primer/probe sets, underscore the technique's indispensable role in managing respiratory viral infections. By addressing the potential for false negatives and reinforcing testing with confirmatory assays, this review advocates for an adaptive diagnostic strategy that ensures the highest standards of accuracy and reliability in the face of evolving viral landscapes. The ongoing refinement of PCR methodologies underscores a commitment to excellence in molecular diagnostics, crucial for effective disease management and control.

Background: The diagnosis of sepsis is based on clinical and laboratory parameters that indicate the presence of infection and organ dysfunction. The most specific test for the diagnosis of sepsis is blood cultures, which are used to confirm the diagnosis of sepsis and identify the source of infection. Bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt identification and treatment. This study aimed to assess the hematological and immunological markers associated with bacteremia in patients presenting with fever of unknown origin. Aim: The objective was to evaluate and compare hematological and immunological parameters in patients with suspected bacteremia, to identify potential biomarkers for the condition. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kirkuk city from July 1, 2023, to November 30, 2023. It included 141 patients over 18 years of age who were suspected of having bacteremia. Sepsis was diagnosed based on Sepsis-3 criteria, and blood cultures were performed. Key parameters measured included WBC, neutrophil counts, PTT/INR, IL-6, and CRP levels, among others. Results: Blood cultures revealed that 88 patients (62.4%) had positive results, indicating a significant prevalence of bacteremia. White blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly elevated in the positive culture group, suggesting their potential as markers for bacteremia. Immunological analysis revealed significantly higher levels of IL-6 and CRP in patients with positive cultures, further highlighting their utility as biomarkers. Additionally, coagulation parameters such as PT, PTT, and INR were notably higher in the positive culture group, indicating a more pronounced coagulation disruption. Among the 88 cases with positive cultures, Gram-negative bacteria were predominant, accounting for 81.81% of the isolates, underscoring the need for targeted antimicrobial therapy. Comparative analysis between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteremia showed higher inflammatory responses in the latter group, as indicated by elevated IL-6, WBC, neutrophils, and CRP levels. The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) has a high level of discrimination between positive and negative blood cultures as a predictor of bacteremia, with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 67.9%. An NLR above 1.144 is associated with a higher likelihood of positive blood culture results Conclusion: Elevated WBC, neutrophil counts, NLR, IL-6, coagulation parameters, and CRP levels are associated with positive blood cultures and may serve as useful biomarkers for bacteremia. These markers, particularly NLR, should be considered in the diagnosis and management of bacteremia.

One of the problems facing public health is the control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. It is a zoonotic virus that can infect the two humans and animals and occasionally result in mortality. Because of the endemic's recurrence in some regions, which called for more factual and documented information about it, this review aimed to gather the most important details regarding this virus. The infectious virus is made up of a segmented negative sense ribonucleic acid genome particle in globular shape encased in an infected viral glycoprotein-containing lipid structure. Diseases are frequently spread via ticks through blood or tissue from humans or animals. When there are mammals present, regardless of size, such as cattle and rabbits, the causative virus can spread quickly. Unlike in animals, where it is asymptomatic, in people it results in a high fever and hemorrhagic condition. Precautionary steps to manage tick vectors in endemic countries are recommended, as is fostering collaboration among clinical veterinary, medical, and ecology specialists.

The epidemiological landscape of Himachal Pradesh is experiencing a significant shift from infectious diseases to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), mirroring national and global trends. This article examines the multifaceted burden of NCDs, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory conditions, and cancers, which are now leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the state. Contributing factors include lifestyle changes, urbanization, environmental challenges, and socio-economic disparities, with rural populations increasingly affected. The article explores the economic impacts, healthcare system challenges, and government initiatives, such as population-based screening programs, health promotion campaigns, and telemedicine, aimed at mitigating the NCD crisis. Emphasizing the need for a robust healthcare infrastructure, health equity, and community engagement, the article outlines potential pathways for addressing the rising NCD burden in Himachal Pradesh and ensuring a healthier future for its residents.

Abstract: Background: Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative joint disease that primarily affects older adults but can also impact younger individuals, particularly those with a history of joint injury, obesity, or genetic predisposition. Despite its prevalence, awareness and understanding of hip osteoarthritis are limited, especially in rural and semi-urban regions like District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of hip osteoarthritis among 400 adults in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Participants were selected using a sample size calculation based on a 95% confidence level and an estimated knowledge level of 50% regarding hip osteoarthritis. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire circulated through online platforms, including email and social media. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographic factors and knowledge across four domains: symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment of hip osteoarthritis. Data analysis was conducted using Epi Info V7 software, with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed a moderate level of general awareness of hip osteoarthritis, with 79.0% of participants having heard of the condition. Knowledge of specific symptoms varied, with 72.3% recognizing hip pain as a symptom, but only 64.3% aware of decreased range of motion. Awareness of causes such as aging (61.8%) and obesity (59.8%) was relatively high, while fewer participants recognized the role of repetitive stress (53.8%) and genetics (55.3%). Knowledge of prevention strategies was low, with 53.5% understanding the importance of maintaining a healthy weight and only 45.0% recognizing the role of balanced nutrition. Treatment knowledge was also limited, with less than half of the participants aware of the benefits of medications (47.5%) and physical therapy (45.3%). Conclusion: While there is a foundational level of awareness about hip osteoarthritis among the population of District Kangra, significant gaps in knowledge regarding causes, prevention, and management persist. These gaps highlight the need for targeted educational interventions to improve public understanding and promote early detection and effective management of hip osteoarthritis. 

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent and often underdiagnosed condition, characterized by insufficient tear production or poor tear quality, leading to ocular discomfort, irritation, and potential vision disturbances. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge of dry eye disease among the general public in Kangra District, focusing on symptoms, causes, prevention, and management. Material & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2024 to May 2024 in Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh. A sample of 400 adults, who had been residents of the district for at least 12 months, participated in the study. Data were collected via a pre-tested Google form questionnaire, which included 20 structured knowledge-related questions and demographic information. The data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, with results presented in frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed that 78.8% of participants had heard of dry eye disease, yet knowledge about specific symptoms and advanced treatment options was limited. While 72.3% recognized eye irritation as a symptom, only 33.8% were aware of sensitivity to light. Awareness of risk factors such as aging (61.0%) and prolonged screen use (59.3%) was moderate. Knowledge of preventive measures varied, with 65.5% aware of the use of artificial tears, but only 45.0% recognizing the importance of maintaining a humid environment. The knowledge gap was more pronounced in treatment, with 54.0% aware that artificial tears could manage symptoms, but only 19.8% knew that surgical intervention might be necessary in severe cases. The overall knowledge scores showed that 25.5% had a "Very Good" understanding, while 18.0% demonstrated "Poor" knowledge. Conclusion: This study highlights significant gaps in the public's knowledge of dry eye disease in Kangra District. The findings suggest a need for targeted educational interventions to improve awareness, particularly regarding less commonly known symptoms, risk factors, and advanced treatment options. 

Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, a growing number of individuals are experiencing prolonged symptoms and new health conditions following recovery from the acute phase of the infection. These post-COVID manifestations, collectively termed "Long COVID" or "Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection" (PASC), can affect multiple organ systems and significantly impact quality of life. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the post-COVID manifestations, including their prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management strategies. Methods: A detailed literature review was conducted using key databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. The review synthesizes data from clinical studies, patient registries, and expert consensus guidelines to present an up-to-date understanding of post-COVID manifestations. Results: Post-COVID manifestations are diverse and can involve the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems, among others. Common symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, cognitive impairment, and musculoskeletal pain. The pathophysiology is not fully understood but may involve persistent inflammation, immune dysregulation, and viral persistence. Conclusion: Post-COVID manifestations represent a significant challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. A multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation is essential for managing these complex and often debilitating conditions.