Interest in the renewable energies sector is an important topic at present owing to recent climate changes in the world from the increasing phenomenon of global warming caused by the consumption of fossil energies. Carbon dioxide is one of the largest polluting gases in the environment and due to the fact that CO2 is a greenhouse gas (GHG) and a primary cause of climate change. A component of the natural carbon cycle is CO2. An unprecedented amount of CO2 being released into the atmosphere by human activity, especially the increased use of fossil fuels, which the natural carbon cycle is unable to absorb. The extra CO2 raises global temperatures because it acts as a heat-capturing agent that contributes to global warming. Therefore, in order to attain climate targets and limit temperature rises to 1.5 °C globally, considerable reductions and removals of CO2 emissions are needed. Interest in the renewable energies sector is an important topic at present owing to recent climate changes in the world from the increasing phenomenon of global warming caused by the consumption of fossil energies. Carbon dioxide is one of the largest polluting gases in the environment [1] In this sense, research into the role of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions is problematic.

Renewable Energy

Definition of renewable energy: means energies that can be found in nature automatically and periodically in the sense that it is the energy derived from natural resources that are renewed or cannot be implemented, It is also defined as the energy generated from an inexhaustible natural source. They are available everywhere on Earth's surface and can be easily converted into energy. Renewable energies are durable and environmentally friendly unlike non-renewable energies that are depleted in a rigid stock in the Earth, which can only be utilized after human intervention to remove them, and renewable energy sources do not pollute the environment as when oil is penetrated. Hani Obaid and Mohammed Mustafi Al Khayat have presented a concept of renewable energies.

Consistent with the definition of OECD and the Institute of Applied Research, it is guaranteed that renewable energies are the sum of resources obtained from sources of energy that are repeated in nature automatically, i.e. energy acquired from continuously renewable natural sources. [2]

Renewable energy sources: There are several types of renewable energy including:

Solar energy: renewable energy from the solar radiations, where man began to seriously exploit solar energy in the late 1950s and early 1960s when he used solar cells to power satellites in space. Since then, solar energy has entered even limited access to all life's facilities. And there are two methods to exploit solar photovoltaic cells, and the concentration of solar radiation to produce heat that can heat water or another fluid capable of running a small-type bin phase. [3]

Hydropower: Dependence on water as a source of energy dates back to before the discovery of steam energy in the 18th century until then man used river water to operate some of the juices used to manage flour mills, textile machines and wood diffusion Today, after man entered the age of electricity, water has begun to be used to generate electricity, as we are witnessing in many countries such as Norway, Sweden, Canada and Brazil, To that end, power plants are being built on river falls. and adopt dams and artificial lakes to provide large quantities of water to ensure their permanent operation. Projections for this energy source indicate an estimated increase of five times current energy by 2020.

 Wind energy: Due to the above-mentioned solar energy constraints, another renewable energy, air energy, has emerged, which is the energy used to move massive air-supported solar panels that are positioned high; wind energy is used to power turbines, which are engines with three rotating arms that rotate on a shaft to transform wind energy from kinetic to electrical. The arms rotate as a result of the dynamic air thrust produced as the wind blows over them. The turbines are driven by this rotation, which generates electrical energy. [4]

Biomass energy converts biomass by thermochemical physical methods into energy-bearing or energy-bearing. The most widespread method is the mechanical preparation of living mass such as giving wood residue and straw the form of molds or small balls or extracting vegetable oils. [5]

Underground Heat Energy: Underground heat is a deep-ground, deep-Earth thermal energy that is in stock of hot water or steam and hot rock, but the heat is currently exploited by means The technology available is hot water and hot steam, while hot rock fields are still being studied and researched Development. So far, there are no comprehensive studies on the extent and extent of exploitation of these resources, as the utilization rate is still small. [6]

The scarcity of non-renewable energy has made the need for renewable energy widely recognized. In an effort to lower the cost of electric energy incurred in production and maintenance, industries are combining renewable and non-renewable energy sources. [7] The energy consumption is always rising as a result of significant technological advancement. [8]As a result, there is an increased demand for renewable energy. Lee and Moon improved the effectiveness of the energy-efficient wireless sensor network by using a typical nonrenewable energy source. Sarkar demonstrated the significant cost of non-renewable energy in a manufacturing system by employing a standard non-renewable energy production model. As a result, using renewable energy should be more cost effective. Sarkar investigated the influence of failure rates in a smart manufacturing system for defective items utilizing conventional energy. Furthermore, their findings show that smart or adaptable PS require renewable energy. Ahmed and Sarkar proposed renewable energy as a potential future energy source for traditional production systems within the framework of a sustainable supply chain. Moon and Rasti-Barzoki discussed energy efficiency as a long-term aim while keeping the rebound effect in mind. Dong and Pan presented a decomposition approach for the evolution of renewable energy across multiple countries based on the Kaya equation.

System of Sustainable Smart Production (SSPS)

Governments have implemented CE requirements on industries in response to the current state of the environment. Businesses need to take the lead in taking sustainability of the environment into account in addition to their own bottom line. According to [9] a smart production system (SMPS) is a flexible production system. The industry has advanced the fundamental traditional system technologically by using a variable production rate. Still, faulty products are created at random. The industries have taken steps to protect the environment in addition to developing new technologies. To lower the CE in the production system, the CE reduction approach is taken into consideration. In order to create a significant environment, [10] proposed a CO2 reduction method through PM2.5 emission reduction. [10] created a different CO2 emission reduction plan in this way for both rich and developing nations. Our research goes in this direction.

The most significant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). Natural sources contributing to atmospheric CO2 consist of the combustion of organic materials, volcanic emissions, and the respiration of aerobic (oxygen-utilizing) organisms. Typically, these sources are counterbalanced by a collection of "sinks," which are physical, chemical, or biological processes aimed at extracting CO2 from the atmosphere. Terrestrial vegetation plays a crucial role as a natural sink, as it utilizes photosynthesis to take in CO2.[10]

Various oceanic processes also act as carbon sinks. One such process is the "solubility pump," which involves the descent of CO2-dissolved surface saltwater. Another mechanism, referred to as the "biological pump," entails the absorption of dissolved CO2 by marine organisms that use it to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3) skeletons and other structures, along with marine plants and phytoplankton—tiny, free-floating, photosynthetic organisms residing in the upper ocean. As these creatures die and sink to the ocean floor, the carbon they contain is transported downward and ultimately buried at depth. When these natural sources and sinks are in equilibrium, deforestation gradually increases the background, or natural, level of CO2 in the atmosphere, particularly evident in the burning of remnants from deforested areas in Brazil's Amazon Rainforest. [11]

Human activities contribute to the increase in atmospheric CO2 levels primarily through the combustion of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, which are used for electricity generation, transportation, heating, and cement manufacturing. Additionally, land clearing and forest burning are significant human-induced sources of CO2. Each year, anthropogenic emissions release approximately 7 gigatons (7 billion tonnes) of carbon into the atmosphere. Roughly 3% of all CO2 emissions stem from natural sources are attributed to human-generated CO2 emissions. The additional carbon load from human endeavors may surpass the ability of natural sinks to mitigate it by as much as two to three gigatons annually. Monitoring changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels occurs at a research facility located on Mauna Loa in Hawaii. While there are minor seasonal fluctuations in CO2 levels, the overarching trend indicates a rise in atmospheric CO2.]11]

As a result, between 1959 and 2006, the average annual rate of (CO2) accumulation in the air was 1.4 ppm by volume, and between 2006 and 2018, it was around 2.0 ppm by volume. This accumulation rate has generally been linear, or constant over time. On the other hand, some sinks that are currently sinking, like the oceans, may eventually become sources. This could result in an environment where the atmospheric CO2 content increases exponentially. 

The gradual variations in carbon dioxide outgassing caused by volcanic activity cause the natural background level to fluctuate over millions of years. Carbon dioxide concentrations during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago, were likely several times greater than now, possibly closer to 2,000 ppm. Carbon dioxide concentrations have fluctuated within a substantially tighter range over the last 700,000 years (between 180 and 300 ppm), corresponding with the same Earth orbital dynamics that followed the onset and end of the Pleistocene ice ages. By the early twenty-first century, carbon dioxide levels had climbed to 384 ppm, more than 37% of the natural background level of 280 ppm at the commencement of the industrial revolution. In 2018, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations reached 410 ppm. Ice core data indicate that these levels are the greatest in the last 800,000 years, and additional evidence shows that they may be the highest in at least 5 million years. .]11]

The fluctuation in radiative forcing induced by the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is roughly logarithmic. The logarithmic relationship is created by the saturation effect, which makes it more difficult for additional CO2 molecules to alter the "infrared window," which is a limited band of wavelengths in the infrared region that are not absorbed by atmospheric gases. The logarithmic connection predicts that with each doubling of CO2 concs, the surface warming potential increases by nearly the same amount. By the middle of the 21st century, At the present rate of fossil fuel consumption, CO2 concs over preindustrial levels are expected to have doubled, reaching 560 parts per million. If CO2 concentrations were doubled, the radiative force would increase by about 4 watts per square metre. In the absence of any mitigating factors, typical estimates of "climate sensitivity" show that an increase in energy would result in a warming of 2 to 5 °C relative to preindustrial levels. The total radiative force induced by human-caused CO2 emissions since the beginning of the manufacturing era. [11]

Carbon emissions and renewable energy

The main causes of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are the growth of the population, industrialisation, and use of coal and other fossil fuels. Consequently, there is broad consensus that in order to counteract the concerning increase in the average world temperature that has been noted over the past few years, renewable energy (RE) needs to keep growing quickly. The International Energy Agency proposes bringing world temperatures down to within 2°C of pre-industrial levels through the use of nuclear power, renewable energy, and energy efficiency improvements. In a research that was similar to the one before it, Data from a panel of 17 countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) were used in the study [11] They found that the emergence of CO2 emissions is actually negatively impacted by the adoption of RE. [12]

Furthermore, studies on CO2 emissions have both short- and long-term effects. Based on their study's findings, renewable energy can be considered a significant contributor to lowering the amount of carbon dioxide created during the production of electricity. Their inquiry on the short- and long-term causality of the CO2 emissions came to an end with this. research from 2021 indicates that renewable energy can substantially reduce CO2 emissions and be a competitive alternative to traditional energy sources derived from fossil fuels. Furthermore, it appears that greater use of RE and other forest plants over an extended period of time has a large detrimental effect on CO2 emissions [13]. An increase in the percentage of renewable energy in the energy consumption function will lead to a rise in the intensity of renewable energy and a subsequent decrease in carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, it was thought that cost savings and technological developments were factors that made the promotion of RE economically viable and might improve carbon reduction. Therefore, by promoting the use of RE and replacing conventional energy sources, the government may help improve environmental quality[14].Pollution cannot be prevented by Renewable Energy (RE), according to a plethora of other studies. Despite the fact that China has made a significant investment in its policy to promote the expansion of renewable energy, relatively little reduction in CO2 emissions was predicted. This is due to China's concentration on creating renewable energy sources. [15] According to a survey conducted across 19 nations, nuclear energy use has a large negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions. However, using energy from renewable sources offers advantages. This situation may have an explanation due to the low share of RE, which has not yet reached a significant level to begin lowering CO2 emissions. There are a few ways to interpret this situation: coal accounts for the most part of the ultimate energy consumption of fossil fuels, which still include the bulk of the world's largest and most significant businesses. Most greenhouse gas emissions are produced by burning fossil fuels, which are subsequently transformed into energy that is useful. Consequently, despite the restricted availability of renewable energy sources, energy substitution was not accomplished. Because of this, pointed out that there are significant regional variations in the sustainability of RE[16]

Figure 1: CO, potential for all sectors to reduce emissions under existing plans and policies vs a faster adoption of renewable energy sources by 2050.

In addition to meeting climate goals, the transition to a renewable energy system would be financially self-sustaining. Between now and 2050, it would generate USD trillions in economic growth, and in the process, millions of employments would be created. The advantages to health, the environment, and the climate would outweigh the additional costs related to reorganizing the energy industry by up to six times. The main components of the energy transition are the increased use of energy-efficient technologies and renewable energy sources. According to recent study, the world can reach 90% of the decarbonization required to remain inside the Paris Agreement parameters by accelerating the deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency; other low-carbon solutions will need to be used to satisfy the remaining 10% of the decarbonization.[ 17]

2015 saw 36 Gt of energy-related CO2 emissions from all industries. To meet the REmap scenario, these must drop to 13 Gt in 2050, which is a 70% decrease from the Reference Case, when emissions are predicted to reach 45 Gt in 2050. As shown in Figure 1, 44% of these reductions (20 Gt annually in 2050) might come from renewable energy. The percentage of renewable energy in the primary energy supply must increase from roughly 16% in 2015 to roughly 65% in 2050 in order to facilitate this significant reduction in emissions.

The main components of the energy transition are the increased use of energy-efficient technologies and renewable energy sources. According to recent study, the world can reach 90% of the decarbonization required to remain within the Paris Agreement parameters by accelerating the deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency; other low-carbon solutions will need to be used to satisfy the remaining 10% of the decarbonizations [18].

2015 saw 36 Gt of energy-related CO2 emissions from all industries. To meet the REmap scenario, these must drop to 13 Gt in 2050, which is a 70% decrease from the Reference Case, when emissions are predicted to reach 45 Gt in 2050. Of these reductions, 44% might come from renewable energy (20 Gt annually in 2050). as seen in Figure 1. The percentage of renewable energy in the primary energy supply must increase from roughly 16% in 2015 to roughly 65% in 2050 in order to facilitate this significant reduction in emissions.

By 2050, nuclear and natural gas power plants might produce the remaining 20% of the world's electricity, with renewable technologies producing over 80% of it. In the REmap scenario, electricity generation would have reduced emissions by 85% by 2050, even though this sector is predicted to grow by over 80% .The production of electricity from coal would completely stop. In addition to the rise in renewable energy shares, energy-efficiency initiatives implemented in buildings and industries have resulted in lower electricity consumption for heating and cooling. By 2050, the building sector's emissions would have dropped by almost 70%. Transportation-related emissions would be cut in half, and industry would take the lead in CO2 emissions.

The production and consumption of energy are responsible for two thirds of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. This places the energy industry at the forefront of the fight against climate change.

Fossil fuels had a significant role in the evolution of the modern electricity grid over many decades. A new electrical grid that is adaptable and enables the integration of variable sources, including solar and wind energy, is necessary for new power generation technologies. These variable renewable energy sources provide electricity at varying rates based on the availability of resources, which may not match demand. This may make it challenging to balance supply and demand, necessitating adaptability to handle unpredictability. With the increasing role of variable renewables, a variety of flexibility options are available and will be required.

By 2050, wind and solar power will account for 52% of total power generation under REmap. This would necessitate a variety of flexibility measures to maintain grid stability, such as time-of-use electricity pricing, market design modifications, and new business models. Higher proportions of variable renewable energy can be made possible via more interconnectors, demand-side responsiveness, and flexible fossil fuel generation. Storage is a flexible option that is frequently addressed and comes in several forms. Approximately 4,700 GWh of power storage are available now, with pumped hydro accounting for 96% of this total [19]. By 2030, 11 900–15,000 GWh of power storage are anticipated under REmap, of which pumped hydro will account for just 51%. Approximately 8,000 GWh of battery storage might be produced by electric vehicles alone by 2030, assuming that each vehicle has an average battery pack that holds 50 kWh.

With variable charging, this would enable higher percentages of solar and wind power during periods of surplus generation and low electricity rates. IRENA projects that 160 million electric vehicles will be required globally by 2030 in order to create the circumstances necessary for electric vehicles to significantly improve electric power networks[20]

Even though the power industry has a lot of potential for renewable energy, electricity now only makes up 20% of total energy use. Consequently, the research conducted by IRENA indicates that the implementation of renewable energy technologies in end-use industries is crucial. Since they collectively supply around 80% of the world's energy consumption today, their function is very significant. According to REmap, by 2050, the share of renewable energy in the end-use sectors could rise to 78% in buildings, 38% in industry, and 53% in transportation. Electric car usage in transportation must increase, and new approaches to freight and aviation must be created. The highest efficiency requirements will need to be met by newly constructed buildings, and existing structures must be quickly refurbished. Structures and urban planning should support the incorporation of renewable energy.[21]

Lastly, there is a monetary equivalent for the advantages of the energy shift for human health. Reducing the effects of burning fossil fuels on human health and CO emissions might save two to six times as much as the predicted USD 1.8 trillion in annual decarbonization expenditures by the year 2050. Two thirds of the benefits are attributable to decreased outdoor air pollution. These figures show that the benefits to human health alone would make investment in decarbonisation worthwhile, even before accounting for the additional advantages of lessening climate-related effects. Increased energy access may also benefit society's welfare by fostering more sustainable livelihoods and improving rural residents' quality of life.

New business structures, market designs, and more innovation and investment are all necessary to realise the energy transition. Innovations need to be distributed, refined, and extensively imitated by others. Through increasing investment in clean energy and research and development (R&D), international collaboration can speed up innovation. The end-use sectors—buildings, industry, and transportation—need special attention because they present significant prospects.

Energy efficiency, innovation, and the quicker adoption of affordable renewable energy, To speed up this energy transition, broad electrification and information and communications technologies are crucial. By 2050, significant emissions reductions from investments in power production equipment and accompanying infrastructure will need to be achieved both now and over the next several decades. This is particularly true for long-term investments in things like buildings, infrastructure for transportation, power plants, and industrial production facilities, among other things

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

No funding sources

The study was approved by the Civil Engineering Department, Thi-Qar, Iraq.

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