Bangladesh is one of the most emerging economy of the world. It is doing very good in the field of poverty reduction as well as overall economic development of the country. In 2020, the World Bank proclaimed Bangladesh is a model for poverty reduction globally. Bangladesh has proved that with commitment and determination of the government and the people, a country can come out of poverty and emerge as a low middle-income country within only a span of four decades.” Different statistics shows that since 2000, Bangladesh has purged poverty in half, lifting more than 25 million people out of poverty.

Poverty is an important issue in the way of economic development in all over the world, especially in the country like Bangladesh. Poverty is a multi-dimensional concept that is entwined in most of the part of the world. Traditionally poverty is viewed as pronounced deprivation in well-being. “To be poor is to be hungry, to lack shelter and clothing, to be sick and not cared for, to be illiterate and not schooled” [1]. Poverty is usually measured with reference to a threshold level of income or expenditure (called poverty line) needed to meet food and non-food basic needs for a person to maintain a healthy and productive life. These measures are called “income poverty”.

The 2000 World Development Report on poverty broadens the notion of poverty to include vulnerability and exposure to risk. In Bangladesh most of the studies on poverty have focused mainly on income measures. Social scientists and policy makers now come to an agreement that low levels of education and health are of concern in their own right. The dispossession in education and healthcare merit special attention when accompany material deprivation. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a follow-up on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted in 2000 and completed in 2015. However, SDGs differ from MDGs in many aspects. SDGs want to ensure that 'No One is Left Behind.' The new goals have been envisioned to enable countries to utilize their own financial resources and capacity and seek assistance from developed countries on areas where they fall short. 

The United Nations (UN) Member States formally adopted the SDGs agenda on September 25, 2015. The SDGs have specific 17 goals. It’s associated 169 targets with 232 indicators and aim to end poverty, hunger and inequality in all over the world; act on climate change and the environment; improve access to health and education; care for people and the planet; and build strong institutions and partnerships as well.

Out of the 17 SDGs, Bangladesh has made extensive progress on reducing extreme poverty (Goal-1) measured by $1.90 a day or by national poverty line. In 2018, the proportion of population living below the international poverty line (absolute poverty) was 11.3 Percent compared to 19.6 Percent in 2010. On the other hand, the proportion of population living below the national poverty line was 21.6 Percent in 2018 as opposed to 31.5 Percent in 2010. Similarly, the progress on expanding coverage of social protection and proportion of government expenditure on services as share of total government expenditure has been remarkable during the last decade. The trends of coverage of social safety net programme rose to 58.1 Percent (nationally) in 2019 compared to 24.6 Percent in 2010. For taking different necessary initiatives Bangladesh has been emerging to achieving SDG-1 before the targeted time period.

Objectives of the Study

The principal objective of this study is to evaluate the poverty situation in Bangladesh as well as the achievement in SDG-1. To accomplish this principal objective, following specific objectives which will be covered by this paper are given below:

• To trace the poverty assuagement progress in Bangladesh

• To find the present poverty status in divisional level

• To observe and evaluate the achievement of Bangladesh in SDG-1, especially achievements on poverty

In this study we used secondary data published in both printed and electronic sources of Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS), Household income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) and different organizations of Bangladesh government. This study was conducted in the month January, February and March 2022.This study is descriptive, conceptual and depends on historical facts and figure. It is basically based on BBS’s and HIES’s data, Bangladesh Economic Review-2021, Sustainable Development Goals Bangladesh Progress report-2020, newspaper, journal and intellectual options of authors.

Literature Review

There have been various studies done on poverty purge in Bangladesh. The International Development Association (IDA), World Bank has shown Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty, supported by sustained economic growth. Based on the international poverty line of $1.90 per person per day, poverty dropped from 44.2 percent in 1991 to 13.8 percent in 2016/17. In parallel, life expectancy, literacy rates and per capita food production have better significantly. Progress was maintained by 6 percent plus growth over the decade and reaching to 7.3 percent in 2016/2017, according to official estimates. Rapid growth enabled Bangladesh to reach the lower middle-income country position in 2015. In 2018, Bangladesh met the eligibility criteria for qualification from the United Nation’s Least Developed Countries (LDC) list and is on pathway to graduate in 2024. Sustained economic growth has improved the demand for energy and transport and spurred urbanization. 

Ovi has found Bangladesh’s national poverty rate rose to 29.5% as of June, 2020 due to Covid-19, which cost tens of millions of people their jobs and carried them down below the poverty line.

Jones has accompanied that strong national poverty reduction, covers differences in welfare trends between rural and urban Bangladesh. The national poverty rate fell in equally rural and urban areas, but the speed of decrease was much slower in urban Bangladesh, largely because of slower rates of poverty reduction in Dhaka and increasing poverty in Chittagong. There was no progress in falling extreme poverty in urban areas: the proportion of the urban population living in extreme poverty was 7.7 percent in 2010 and 7.6 percent in 2016. Given that Bangladesh continued to urbanize during this time, there are now more people living in extreme poverty in urban Bangladesh (3.3 million) than in 2010 (3 million).

Bangladesh Economic Review, Chapter 13 [2], stated that incidence and depth of poverty in Bangladesh has been decreasing gradually because of the various efforts of the Government. The government has extended the scope and allocation of social safety net programme every year with a view to achieve the desired target of poverty alleviation. In order to bring efficiency and effectiveness of social safety net programmes, Bangladesh follows the life cycle approach of social safety net. For this purpose, Bangladesh has already formulated ‘National Social Security Strategy (NSSS)’. In FY2016-17 an amount of Tk.40, 857 crores have been allotted against social safety net programmes. The allocation is 12.88 percent of the budget and 2.09 percent of GDP of the same fiscal year. Palli Karma Shahayok Foundation (PKSF), Social Development Foundation (SDF) and various banks and NGOs are involved in implementing different development programmes conducted by the Government to decrease poverty. Four public sector banks and two specialised banks cumulatively distributed a total of Tk.43, 583.59 crore as microcredit up to June 2017. At the same time numerous ministries, divisions/agencies including Finance Division are also implementing various microcredit and other programmes which are aimed at combating poverty.

Inchauste et al. [3,4], have revealed that the contributions to poverty reduction observed in Bangladesh between 2000 and 2010. This paper makes entire counterfactual distributions to account for the contributions of demographics, labor and non-labor incomes in explaining poverty reduction. They find that the most important contributor to poverty reduction was the growth in labor incomes, stemming from non-farm employment in the first half of the decade and from farm employment during the second half of the decade. Labor income growth was driven by higher real wage premiums, pointing to productivity increases and a growth in the relative price of labor as the driving forces behind poverty reduction. Lower dependency rates and the benefits of a growing work force also helped to reduce poverty. Finally, non-labor income contributed to poverty drop, albeit to a smaller extent, particularly in the form of international remittances. Going forward the main challenges will be to continue to provide jobs to a growing workforce and to ensure that new job creation is resilient to sudden changes in relative prices.

Keck, has identified that alongside poverty reduction, the report claims human capital and life expectancy increased, child mortality lowered and access to education, electricity and clean water and sanitation improved. Ninety percent of the nation’s poverty reduction occurred in rural areas, but the share of people living in extreme poverty in urban areas remained almost unchanged. The report also showed that while the pace of economic growth has increased, the rate of poverty reduction was slower than between 2005 and 2010.

Writings from Rahman et al., Islam et al., [5], Sheel and Sen, Begum et al., Jabbar et al., Begum, Chowdhury and Bhuiya found that, contract farming has important contribution in food security of the country through continuous supply of meet and egg, developing infrastructures of sustainable poultry farming, technological access to increase production capacity and real time information about market which are vital for fulfilling sustainable development goals 1: End of poverty.

Anderson and Eswaran shows that the equal contribution of women which create equal opportunity for women in earning, recognition of contribution, decision making, access to technology, diminishing the chance of discrimination and exploitation and avoidance which leads to fulfill the sustainable development goals 5, SDG-5 Gender Equality.

SDG-1 and Bangladesh

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are the blueprint to achieve a better future and a more sustainable future for all. According to UN SDGs by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day. Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural), reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable. Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable. By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including micro finance. Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services etc. Bangladesh has also made different initiatives along with other nations of the world to eradicate poverty and to achieve SDG-1.

Poverty Situation in Bangladesh

Poverty assuagement is one of the major indications of the socio-economic development of a state and society. To ensure a sustained economy this is very crucial to reduce poverty at its minimum level. As a consequence of collective efforts of the government and non-government subdivisions, Bangladesh has accomplished tremendous progress in poverty mitigation during the last few years. According to the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016, poverty rate in Bangladesh has been declined to 24.3 percent in 2016, which was 40.0 percent in 2005, According to the latest estimate poverty rate stood at 20.5 percent in 2019. 

The government of Bangladesh has set up a target to 8th Five Year Plan (2020-2025). Under this plan poverty eradication is one of the principle objectives of the government of Bangladesh. However, Bangladesh is in front of many developing nations in poverty mitigation, still roughly one-fifth portion of absolute populace of the nation lives beneath the poverty line.

The expected scale of socio- economic development may not be imaginable by keeping an enormous portion of populace underneath the destitution line. Hence, poverty lessening is a central issue on the policy and development issues of the country. As of now, the stagnation, however transitory, brought about by the continuous corona pandemic, in worldwide monetary action remembering that for Bangladesh, has carried difficulties to advance in diminishing poverty.

However, the timely necessary incentives and subsidy packages announced by the government to take control over the covid-19 pandemic threats, such as payment of wages to export- oriented industry workers, provision of low interest working capital with interest subsidy to affected industries and services sectors including the cottage, micro, small and medium enterprises (CMSMEs), cash support to the extremely poor, distribution of free and low cost food items, expansion of social safety net programs and providing housing facilities for the homeless people and job creation activities through specialized banks and Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation, have protected the working people from losing their jobs and the helpless poor from starvation (Table 1).

Table 1: Trend of Income Poverty in Bangladesh

Source: Bangladesh Economic Review-2021

Income, Expenditure and Consumption in Household Level

Household’s income, expenditure and consumption are the things that reflect the actual scenario of the poverty level in a country. To understand the poverty situation in Bangladesh we have been going through a close monitoring on the trends of Income, Expenditure and Consumption in Household Level over the last few years. Based on our study from different sources the insights of household nominal income, expenditure and consumption from the surveys 1995-96 to 2016 have been provided in Table 2. The distinction among expenditure and consumption is that consumption rejects knotty uses like tough products buys and some other consumption like installment of assessment, protection, costs of journey, marriage, etc. Be that as it may, expenditure incorporates every such cost.

Table 2: Nominal Income, Expenditure and Consumption in Household Level

Source: Bangladesh Economic Review-2021

The Table 2 showing the Household level nominal income, expenditure and consumption expenditure of Bangladesh over the last 10 years. The results found that Household nominal income, expenditure and consumption expenditure have been increasing gradually in Bangladesh over time. In 2005-06 the monthly household nominal income was Tk. 7,203; which furthered up 121.96 percent and brooch to Tk. 15,988 in 2016. Like nominal income, expenditure and consumption expenditure have also raised to an unremitting speed. In 2005, household monthly expenditure was Tk. 6134 which increased to Tk. 15,715 in 2016. The increase has been 156.19 percent. The average monthly household expenditure was also increased in both rural and urban level. In 2016 expenditure was Tk. 14,156 over the rural income of Tk. 13,398. This incidence arisen for the first time in the history of Bangladesh, mostly in rural areas. The table is showing that the consumption expenditure also increasing over time. In 2005 the consumption expenditure was Tk. 5,964 which stood up to Tk. 15,420 in 2016. In a general analysis of the data presented by the HEIS-2016, it is found that since 1995-96 the increase rate of expenditure and consumption expenditure is higher than that of income [6].

Poverty Situation in Different Division in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has 8 divisions. In this part we initiated to overview the poverty situation in different division according to Head Count Ration (HCR) on the basis of Cost of Basic Need (CBN) method.

CBN is a method that represents the level of per- capita consumption at which the members of a household can be expected to meet their “basic needs” in terms of both food and non-food consumption. Table 3, is describing the head count ratio of incidence of poverty in eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh using the CBN method [7].

Table 3 indicates that; divisional poverty rate has been reduced in all other division in 2016 compare to 2010 except Rangpur Division. This division carries the highest incidence of poverty that is about 47.2 percent. On the other hand, lowest incidence of poverty is in Dhaka Division that is at 16.0 percent. The rate of poverty has significantly decayed in Dhaka division compared to other divisions. The reduction rate is almost half (16% in 2016 from 30.5% in 2010). Table showing that urban poverty in Barishal, Khulna and Sylhet division is higher than the rural areas.

Table 3: Frequency of Poverty in Different Division on the Basis of CBN Method (in Percentage)

Source: Bangladesh Economic Review-2021

Assessment of Bangladesh Progress on SDG-1

Proportion of Population Below the International Poverty Line: Notwithstanding prominent advancement in poverty decrease, countless populace is as yet poor in Bangladesh. The extent of the populace living on under $1.90 a day estimated at 2011 global costs, adapted to purchasing power parity (PPP), shows diminishing pattern in poverty in the course of the most recent 30 years. Somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2016, the frequency of destitution declined at a normal yearly rate of 0.87 percentage points (Table 4).

Table 4: Percentage of Population Below the International Poverty Line

Source: SDG Bangladesh Progress report-2020

Percentage of Population Below the National Poverty Line

Bangladesh has shown momentous advancement in lessening poverty since 1991-92. National poverty estimated as the extent of populace living underneath the national upper penury line has reliably declined coming to 31.5 percent in 2010 and 24.3 percent in 2016. As indicated by ongoing appraisals it has declined to 20.5 percent in 2019 (Table 5).

Table 5: Trends in Poverty Using Upper Poverty Line, 1992-2019 (Percent)

Source: SDG Bangladesh progress report, 2020

While poverty has reliably declined over the period, the rate of fall shows some debilitating during the 2010-2016 period contrasted and the 2005-2010 period. Poverty rate declined by a normal yearly 1.7 percentage points in the 2005-2010 period yet it fell by 1.2 percentage points in the 2010-2016 period.

‘The trend till 2016 shows that rural poverty has been falling at a relatively faster rate compared with urban poverty resulting from rapid transformation of the rural economy. A notable feature of poverty reduction is that not only poverty rate has declined but also the absolute number of the poor has declined from 83.06 million in 1992 to 39.60 million in 2016 implying millions of people have been lifted out of poverty. With sustained growth in excess of 8 Percent in recent years and still higher growth rate expected in the coming years, poverty will continue to fall at a faster rate and may reach the milestone’ (SDG Bangladesh progress report, 2020) [8].

The number of extreme poverty cases based on the lower poverty line have also declined consistently during the period 2016-2019, that is nearly by 0.72 percentage point.  The following table showing the proportion of extreme poverty cases in Bangladesh (Table 6).

Table 6: Trends in Poverty Using Lower Poverty Line, 1992-2019 (Percent)

Proportion of Men, Women and Children of All Ages Living in Poverty in All Its Dimensions

To observe the all dimensions of poverty we have used Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) here. MPI identifies people’s deprivations across three key dimensions – health, education and living standards including lacking amenities such as clean water, sanitation, adequate nutrition or primary education. Those who are left behind in at least a third of the MPI’s components are defined as multi-dimensionally poor. The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Institution (OPHI) has calculated MPI for Bangladesh using DHS 2004, 2007 and 2014. Bangladesh has shown a significant progress in reducing MPI poor. In 2004, around 67 Percent of the population was MPI poor. It has gone down to 41.7 Percent in 2014. The MPI also shows that Bangladesh is severely underprivileged in the indicator ‘cooking fuel (40 percent)’, ‘housing (38.7 percent)’, ‘sanitation’ (30.7 percent), ‘assets’ (28.3 Percent), ‘nutrition’ (25.6 percent) and ‘years of schooling’ (25.2 Percent). As per BBS 2019 report, the MPI poor have further gone down to 37.5 Percent (Table 7) [9].

Table 7: Trends in Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2004-2019

Source: SDG Bangladesh progress report, 2020

Proportion of Population Under Social Protection Coverage

Bangladesh has fostered a wide setup of Social Protection Programs (SPPs) to resolve the issues of poverty, vulnerability and marginalization. The projects incorporate civil service pensions, recompenses for populace bunches with extraordinary requirements, food security and debacle help programs, workfare projects and projects zeroed in on human development and strengthening [10]. The public authority has embraced the National Social Security Strategy in 2015 to make a social assurance framework that is comprehensive, better mitigates lifecycle gambles and focuses on the least fortunate and the most helpless. The coverage of SSNPs has increased both in terms of percentage of households as well as percentage of beneficiaries over time. Between 2016 and 2019, the proportion of programme beneficiaries has increased remarkably by more than double. In 2016, around 28 Percent of the poor households were under the coverage of SSNPs. It has increased to around 58 Percent in 2019. The coverage has increased rapidly between 2016 and 2019 in both rural and urban areas (Table 8,9).

Table 8: Trends in Coverage of Social Safety Net Programs, 2005-2019 (Percent)

Sources: SDGs Bangladesh progress report, 2020

Table 9: Allocation Pattern of Social Safety-net Programmes and Social Empowerment

Sources: SDGs Bangladesh progress report, 2020

Proportion of Population with Access to Basic Services Coverage

The indicators of access to basic services generally denotes to the access to basic education, health care services and access to cleanliness and sanitation. Bangladesh has revealed momentous progress in terms of access to basic services coverage [11]. The proportion of households having access to improve and hygiene sanitation has gone up to around 84 Percent in 2019 from 56 Percent in 2012. Similarly, the access to clean fuel and prenatal health care services has improved. According to MICS report 2019, about 75 Percent of households have maternal health support. Nevertheless, the rate of increase in primary school completion rate is somewhat stagnant. The primary school completion rate has amplified by only 0.65 percentage point per year from 2012 to 2019. Households having access to safe drinking water and electricity are correspondingly 98.5 Percent and 92.23 Percent (Table 10).

Table 10: Access to Basic Services Trend

Sources: SDGs Bangladesh progress report, 2020

Proportion of Total Government Spending On Education, Health and Social Protection

To meet its responsibilities to convey fundamental administrations, for example, education, health and social security, Bangladesh has devoted a lot of assets to these areas. There has been an expanding pattern in indisputably the degree of government spending in these areas also. Nonetheless, the portion of these areas in complete government spending shows yearly vacillations. In FY2015, government spending on these fundamental administrations as an extent of absolute government spending remained at 4.81 percent for health care, 12.82 percent for education and 12.72 percent for social security [12]. The portion of health care area crested at 6.53 percent in FY 2017. Notwithstanding, it has again dropped to 4.9 percent in 2020. The portion of schooling area topped at 15.15 percent in FY2016 followed by a decrease in the next year. Be that as it may, it has again paced with its rate in FY2020. Around 15% of the public authority consumption is presently utilized in supporting the instruction area. The portion of social protection crested at 15.25 percent in FY2017. Be that as it may, it has gone down to 14.2 percent in FY 2019 (Table 11).

Table 11: Proportion of Government Expenditure On Services as Proportion of Total Government Expenditure (Percent)

Source: SDG Bangladesh Progress report-2020

Projection of Poverty Alleviation

As per House Hold Income Expenditure Survey (HIES)-2016, the Country’s poverty rate is 24.3 percent. As per the 8th Five Year Plan, it has been projected to decrease poverty at 15.6 percent by 2025 based on upper poverty rate and 7.40 percent based on extreme poverty rate [13]. The following table portrays the projection of diminishing poverty rate during the 8th Five Year Plan (Table 12).

Table 12: Projection of Poverty Mitigation during 8th Five Year Plan

Source: General Economics Division. Planning Commission

Findings

The findings from this study are particularly important, specially to understand the present poverty situation in Bangladesh. The study found that:

• Still roughly one-fifth portion of absolute populace of the nation lives beneath the poverty line

• Household nominal income, expenditure and consumption expenditure have been increasing gradually in Bangladesh over time

• Divisional poverty rate has been reduced in all other division in 2016 compare to 2010 except Rangpur Division. This division carries the highest incidence of poverty that is about 47.2 percent. On the other hand, lowest incidence of poverty is in Dhaka Division that is at 16.0 percent. The rate of poverty has significantly decayed in Dhaka division compared to other divisions. The reduction rate is almost half (16% in 2016 from 30.5% in 2010). Table showing that urban poverty in Barishal, Khulna and Sylhet division is higher than the rural areas

• The proportion of households having access to improve and hygiene sanitation has gone up to around 84 Percent in 2019 from 56 Percent in 2012. Similarly, the access to clean fuel and prenatal health care services has improved. According to MICS report 2019, about 75 Percent of households have maternal health support

• The rate of increase in primary school completion rate is somewhat stagnant. The primary school completion rate has amplified by only 0.65 percentage point per year from 2012 to 2019. Households having access to safe drinking water and electricity are correspondingly 98.5 Percent and 92.23 Percent

• The portion of health care area crested at 6.53 percent in FY 2017. Notwithstanding, it has again dropped to 4.9 percent in 2020

• The portion of social protection crested at 15.25 percent in FY2017. Be that as it may, it has gone down to 14.2 percent in FY 2019

Policy Recommendation

In order to eliminate poverty from Bangladesh in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, the Government of Bangladesh has to fulfill certain responsibilities. Based on the findings of this study we have some recommendations also:

• To eradicate extreme poverty by 2030 inclusive programs and policies should be introduced

• Appropriate social protection systems and coverage should be enriched to achieve SDG-1

• Employment generation programs should be introduced to bring out the people those who are below the international poverty line beyond sex, age, employment status and geographical location

• Proper health care support should be extended to urban and rural people

• Government should make an effective plan to eradicate poverty especially from the rural areas

Poverty is an important concern in the way of economic development in all over the world, especially in the developing country like Bangladesh. Over the last decade Bangladesh is doing very good in the field of poverty reduction as well as overall economic development of the country. In 2020, the World Bank proclaimed Bangladesh is a model for poverty reduction globally. Bangladesh has proved that with commitment and determination of the government and the people, a country can come out of poverty and emerge as a low middle-income country within only a span of four decades. The country is trying hard to achieve SDGs within its timeframe. Employment generation programs should be introduced to bring out the people those who are below the international poverty line beyond sex, age, employment status and geographical location. In order to ensure sustainable development within the stipulated time, there is no alternative but to end poverty in all forms.

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2. Keck, Madeleine. “8M Bangladeshis were lifted out of poverty in 6 years: Report.” Bangladesh Economic Review, Chapter 13, 2017, 2019.

3. Inchauste, Gabriela et al. What Is Behind the Decline in Poverty Since 2000? Evidence from Bangladesh, Peru and Thailand. Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, 2012.

4. Inchauste, Gabriela et al. Understanding Changes in Poverty. World Bank, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4648-0299-7.

5. Orr, Alastair et al. “Targeting vulnerable small farm households in Bangladesh.” The Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. 23, no. 1–2, March–June 1995, pp. 29–47. JSTOR 40795525.

6. Cuesta, Jose et al. “Is it really possible for countries to simultaneously grow and reduce poverty and inequality? going beyond global narratives.” Oxford Development Studies, vol. 48, 2020, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2020.1784864.

7. Balcazar, Carlos et al. Why Did Poverty Decline in India? A Nonparametric Decomposition Exercise. World Bank Working Paper, 2016.

8. “Bangladesh continues to reduce poverty but at slower pace.” The World Bank, 2018.

9. Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. “At current pace, Bangladesh to end extreme poverty by 2021.” The Economic Times, 2018.

10. Bangladesh Sustainable Development Goals Progress Report. Bangladesh Planning Commission, 2020.

11. Bangladesh Economic Review. Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh, 2021.

12. Hill, Ruth and Maria Eugenia Genoni. Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Facing Old and New Frontiers in Poverty Reduction. The World Bank, 2019, pp. 1–83.

13. Misha, Farzana and Munshi Sulaiman. “Bangladesh priorities: Poverty.” Copenhagen Consensus Center, www.copenhagenconsensus.com.