The tourism sector is one of the sectors in which development takes a "major" aspect of importance, as the success of the tourism sector depends on the success achieved by the comprehensive development process. There is no doubt that tourism development is one of the economic development methods in the country. It contributes to coordination between the various production and service sectors to achieve progress, and it is an urgent necessity for many developing countries. Because it works to raise the standard of living and be a factor in getting what Society aspires to progress and advance, tourism development remains an integral part of economic development, despite the difference in the tourism development concept.

Tourism contributes to the development of Society, which necessitates focusing on the tourism sector and improving tourism services, and this is done through sound, integrated scientific planning for the development of tourism.

Local communities have a role in tourism development, a well as tourism in regional development, and research on how local communities can develop through tourism development in the local area, there are several aspects, including the contribution of tourism to the economic development of communities, raising the income of the local population, and creating tourism job opportunities From the social point of view, improving the standard of living and upgrading societies, and from the cultural significance of statement, it encourages the creation of respect between different cultures, promotes cultural exchange, and instills environmental development in the culture of Society.

The problem of the Study

The research problem is summarized in the following two questions

• How can tourism development contribute to local development

• What extent do local communities contribute to tourism development

Hypotheses of the Study

• Tourism development has an influential and essential role in local development

• The relationship between tourism development and local development is available and can be applied and benefit from its advantages in places where tourism attractions are available

The objective of the Study

• Defining the most important concepts related to tourism and local development

• Trying to find out how tourism development contributes to local development and trying to answer the relationship between them

Importance of the Study

• Detecting mechanisms through which tourism development can contribute to local development

• Local development has become one of the essential pillars of the process of achieving the rules of economic development

In general, the research relies on the descriptive approach and focuses on the theoretical vocabulary that makes up the structure of the study.

Tourism Development

The Concept of Tourism Development: The concept of tourism development has become linked in the view of developed and developing countries to the growth of the life and behavior of individuals and groups because tourism development is the events of social change to achieve the growth of the lives of individuals, groups, and organizations existing in a region or region, which requires work to qualify this concept intellectually in preparation for the development of regulatory controls And legislative guarantees that this rehabilitation will be achieved in the interest of growth and increase of resources and wealth. The tourism development process is an integral part of the economic development process.

We can review the different tourism development concepts by classifying the definitions of writers and researchers who dealt with this concept.

"Goeldner & Mcintosh" defined it is (part of a comprehensive development plan that is usually joint between the public and private sectors, each participating extensively in certain parts of the tourism project. The government usually provides infrastructure services such as water, transportation, etc., and the private sector offers the superstructure such as restaurants. Hotels, etc.).

While Stephan Williams defined it as (providing facilities and services to satisfy the needs and desires of tourists, and it also includes some tourism effects such as creating new job opportunities, new incomes, and all spatial patterns of tourism supply and demand, such as the geographical distribution of tourism products, the flow of "tourist traffic" and the effects of various tourism entry). [6].

Whereas "Douglas Bears" defines tourism development as (extending or expanding the base of facilities and services to meet the needs of the tourist) [7].

Among the Arab research writers, "Al-Jallad" has defined it as (a process that aims to achieve a continuous and balanced increase in tourism resources and to deepen and rationalize productivity in the tourism sector) [8].

Al-Ruby defined it as (the process that leads to the use and investment of tourism resources to improve the way of living).

Tourism development has also been defined as (a process that seeks to push production factors in the tourism sector to grow at a faster rate than its natural growth rate by making maximum use of the elements of building tourism, whether human or raw, and then using them in the best way to develop tourism services) [9].

I also knew that it is (one of the essential means in developing the regions and places that have tourist attractions economically, socially, and urbanely, especially the regions that have practical economic elements compared to what they possess of tourism elements in the case of planning for their development and investing them rationally, to raise the standard of living of the members of that society to be taken into consideration Preserving the environment from pollution).

From these definitions, we conclude that the tourism development process is based on an accurate and comprehensive scientific study of the negative and positive effects it can generate to address the adverse impact and employ the positive outcomes to benefit the total economic development process. As a result, we can give a procedural definition of tourism development that it is ( A voluntary planned process resulting from the state's intervention in mobilizing all available economic resources, materials, and human to develop tourism supply and demand to achieve high tourism growth that contributes to supporting the economic structure of the state and advancing society to the level of sophistication and well-being, provided that the adverse effects generated by it are reduced in various economic, social and environmental aspects.

The Importance of Tourism Development The

When starting planning for tourism development at the level of the national economy as a whole, the positive and negative aspects at the level of the tourism sector and the country as a whole and its relationship with the rest of the economic sectors must be taken into account, as well as `Factors (political, social, and cultural) that may affect the achievement of the desired development goals and the importance of tourism development can be explained through its impact on several aspects, the most important of which are [10].

The Economic Side

It is one of the most important effects, as tourism development contributes to:

• Achieving economic recovery for tourism destination countries by developing foreign currency earnings contributes to covering the country's economic development needs of the productive components necessary for production and service activity in all sectors

• Developing and revitalizing other economic sectors to which the tourism sector is linked at home (industrial, agricultural, and service sectors)

• Expanding the employment base by creating new job opportunities in tourism and related sectors

Dr. Contributes to local and urban development by developing new tourist attractions in different locations, and this contributes to achieving balanced growth at the macroeconomic level and achieving justice in the distribution of national income among the other regions.

The Social and Cultural Aspects

The development of domestic tourism leads to an increase in the degree of social and cultural interdependence between the population and an increase in knowledge. In contrast, the development of international tourism encourages cultural and civilizational exchange between peoples because global tourism activity naturally leads to the acquaintance of tourists from different countries with the cultures and civilizations of the peoples that receive and host them. The sons of these host peoples also get to know the habits and behaviors of the visitors. Therefore the distances converge, which supports the human heritage and the expansion of the cultural circle worldwide.

Environmental Side

Global interest has increased since the seventies of the twentieth century in the safety of the natural environment and the need to preserve and develop it, especially after the Stockholm Conference in Sweden 1992. There is no doubt that tourism development shows the importance of the environment and shows how to preserve and upgrade its components and prevent its deterioration or pollution. Because the clean and beautiful environment is the raw material for tourism activity.

The Impact of Tourism Cultural Awareness of Local Communities on Tourism Development

Tourism development is linked to the level and degree of cultural and tourism awareness among the masses within the country; in other words, the development of the tourism movement depends to a large extent on the level of culture and tourism awareness at the state level as well as at the level of the masses and local communities [10]. And the acculturation generated by the contact between tourists and the people of the host communities brings different results between negative and positive [12], and therefore the low level of tourism awareness among the public is one of the factors that impede tourism from performing its essential role in the development and upgrading of society. It is one of the serious factors that lose the product Tourism is the most critical component of social factors. Therefore, the importance of tourism media for public awareness and education is increasing internally by adopting appropriate methods to increase the awareness of all members of society and their understanding of the reality of tourism and its importance, and how to preserve tourist attractions and existing monuments and develop awareness of the importance of the role that the tourism industry plays as an export industry that achieves a tangible increase in the national income of the country, and on For example, we already notice a low degree of tourism cultural awareness in the Egyptian tourism sector, whether at the level of the state or the public, and there are many indicators that indicate this, including the decrease in the number of visitors to art museums and antiquities museums, the lack of cinema clubs and cultural palaces, the lack of tourist guides and instructions in most cities, and the decline in The number of guidance centers, the lack of tourist information, the disappearance of parks or their small number, and other manifestations of low tourism awareness at the level of the state and the masses [13].

The Relationship between Tourism Development and Local Development

Tourism development is an integral part of local development. Still, we conclude that there is a direct relationship between tourism development and regional development, as the development of tourist destinations and complementary services locally is part of the general strategy taken by local authorities to achieve development in the region so that it is possible to benefit from the advantages that It is granted by the tourism sector in the form of tourism income, including residence fees, profits tax, professional activity fees, value-added fees, and others. These fees and profits are mechanisms.

To finance the budget for local communities to invest and re-spend on local development by creating direct and indirect job opportunities in the medium and long term, expanding and reconstructing the region by creating new tourist and population attractions, which may be in rural areas, and tourism development carry out overlapping operations that include many elements.

Connected to reach the optimum utilization of the tourism potential through providing basic public facilities such as hotels, tourism and travel agencies, gardens, guide offices, and others [14] local development

The Concept of Regional Development

The concept of local development appeared in the aftermath of World War II, and this term has gained international popularity since it was adopted by the Cambridge Cambridge Conference, which took place in 1948. The British colonial office organized this conference to discuss some matters related to African colonies. This conference preferred the use of community development over the term "General education" to denote that movement aimed at advancing societies on the initiative of its inhabitants. If the population of these populations did not take that initiative, it would have required the use of technical methods to awaken and stimulate those principles, in addition to the adoption of the Ashridage Conference in 1954 of the concept of local development and its definition, as well as the United Nations in 1954 1955 and some researchers in this field. We will present some definitions of regional development or local community development, and the regional development concepts have multiplied, so they can never be confined to one idea. Diversifying and enriching economic and social activities by mobilizing and coordinating its natural, human, financial, and social resources and energies.

It is also defined as "the process of change that takes place within the framework of a local public policy that reflects the needs of the local unit (rural, urban, desert). This is done through local leaders who can exploit local resources and persuade local citizens to popularly participate and benefit from government material and moral support to raise The standard of living for all members of the local unit and the integration of the teams into the state.

It is also known as "a modern concept of the method of social and economic work in specific regions based on the foundations and rules of the curricula of economic and social sciences, and this method is based on bringing about a civilized change in the way of thinking and working by raising awareness of the local environment and that this awareness is based on participation in thinking and preparation." And implementation by all members of the local environment at all levels, practically and administratively.

Local development is "a process through which partners from the governmental sector and the non-governmental sector work collectively to provide better opportunities for achieving economic growth and job creation."

Thus, local development is directed towards developing social and economic activities, providing educational and health services, and constructing basic structures, especially those needed by the local community. The country socially, economically, and culturally.

Accordingly, local development is a process through which governmental and widespread efforts are combined at local levels by exploiting the available financial, human, and natural resources at the level of those localities to meet and achieve public needs and requirements.

So, local development is an integrated process that interacts with community energy and developmental energy.

The Principles of Local Development

Local development has principles related to it, so if these principles are not available or some of them are neglected, this development loses the full achievement of its objectives because local development is a process of comprehensiveness, balance, and coordination in which the local community participates from its beginning to its end.

The principle of inclusiveness means addressing the development issue in all its social, economic, and cultural aspects. Include all geographical and demographic sectors of society so that projects and programs cover all community members as much as possible, provide equal opportunities, and satisfy citizens

• The Principle of Integration: This principle means integration between rural and urban areas, in the sense that rural development cannot be carried out without urban development and vice versa. It also means integration between material and human aspects. Development is nothing but bringing about a planned change in society, and this change, of course, has material and non-material characteristics, and therefore it must. The difference is balanced on both sides

• The Principle of Balance: This principle means paying attention to aspects of development according to the needs of society. Every society has conditions that impose a particular weight on each element. For example, in poor communities, economic development issues are more important than other issues, making developing productive resources the target basis for development and others. Some of the issues are branches of it

• The Principle of Coordination: It is the cooperation of all agencies based on community service and their concerted and integrated efforts in a way that prevents duplication or conflict of service because this leads to wasting effort and increasing costs

Characteristics of Local Development

• It is interested in all residents of the local community and its problems in all aspects of life to bring about social change

• It seeks to strengthen the qualities of participation, self-management, cooperation, and participation

• It is concerned with all goals related to the development process and goals about concrete goals achieved on the ground

• It includes technical assistance on the part of government agencies and departments

• His efforts last long and are not temporary or specific projects

• Most local development decisions are based on consensus and agreement rather than dissent and division of opinion [15]

Local Development Goals

Local development seeks to achieve a set of goals, including the following:

• Building an active community through the participation of the local community in local development

• Developing the local community, transferring it from the traditional situation to modernity, and upgrading the economic, social, cultural, and educational levels

• Developing local leaders and capabilities to develop the community as a whole

• Developing infrastructure such as roads, bridges, communications, water, and electricity, as the advancement of these sectors is the basis for the local development process and the development of the local community

• Supporting the private sector and society towards local development projects in the various fields they contribute to their implementation

• Reducing the economic difference between rural and urban areas, limiting internal migration, and keeping citizens in their original place of residence

• Local development seeks to promote development projects that add value to the economy and to allow financial institutions to finance these projects

• One of the essential goals of local development is the development of human energies by changing the ideas of individuals and local groups, meeting their needs, qualifying and training them on a sound basis to participate in the development process positively

• Where local development works to move individuals from a state of indifference to a state of active participation [16]

Models and Strategies for Tourism Development and Local Development

Tourism Development Strategies in Local Communities: Planning for tourism development must be scientific to coordinate and balance competing and conflicting demands. Therefore, evolution must have known strategies. Tourism development has multiple aspects, whether for foreign or citizen tourists. We may find that the citizen, whether he is a tourist or not, we find. A beneficiary of the results of tourism development, where psychological satisfaction is achieved, the level of psychological health of the local community rises, and the social and cultural values of the people and their way of life increase. Or health, religion... etc. Therefore, there must be a prior strategy for tourism development. It must be integrated with elements in areas that are more willing than others to respond and generate tourism returns, and this is by studying the available tourism resources, the location, and studying Elements related to the project so that the benefits resulting from them increase and the problems resulting from this development decrease [17].

Tourism development is a planned change and depends on some basic principles and strategies to achieve the goal of tourism development. When planning for development, these principles must be taken into account because these strategies are essential, whether at the national level or in local communities, as the completion of tourism development depends on the extent of participation of Members of local communities in particular and their acceptance of tourism projects and plans. The strategies in tourism development are many and can be mixed, namely:

Flexible Continuous Strategy

It is that the plan can be modified to comply with emergency conditions. Still, this modification must be within the specified framework to achieve the requirements for tourism development. It is customary to present the recommendations set for a short term to develop in the short term. In contrast, the offers set for the long term are general until it is determined precisely at a later time and in light of the prevailing circumstances [18].

Comprehensive Strategy

This strategy requires introducing all elements of tourism in the tourism development process, namely:

• Temptations and activities that attract tourists

• Accommodation facilities

• Other tourism facilities and services

• Transportation

• Other supporting facilities and institutions

In this strategy, tourism represents a complete system and a distinct economic sector. It includes providing good services to tourists and exerting thought to create new products compatible with their emerging desires and aspirations.

The Inclusive Strategy

This method requires looking at tourism as a self-contained system, integrating the tourism sector into general development policies and plans drawn up for a specific region or region, and then merging local tourism plans with national and regional tourism plans.

Focused Strategy on Preserving the Environment and Sustaining Tourism

This strategy requires that tourism development takes into account everything related to protecting the environment, keeping its natural and cultural resources, avoiding the emergence of environmental, social, and cultural problems, taking into account the quality of the environment, generalizing the benefits and returns of tourism to society as a whole, and perpetuating the satisfaction of the tourist.

The Strategy Focused On the Plan's Feasibility

This strategy is the implementation of the stages of tourism development realistically and feasibly, with careful consideration of implementation techniques throughout the development process. It also contains new and creative ideas in the field of tourism development. This method recognizes the requirements of political reality, but it does not neglect the goals and policies drawn for the long term.

The Strategy Focused On the Interest of the Local Community

This method requires making the local communities participate as much as possible in tourism development and benefiting from its benefits (considering the non-exclusion of minorities and disadvantaged groups and depriving them of participation).

With all these strategies, tourism development must be based on planning, and the surrounding environment must be noticed. The plan must be to preserve the natural elements with all their details, even the historical and archaeological sites, to avoid misuse, and the dangers of pollution must be reduced, and everyone must make good use of the environment as the environment is considered Al-Naqiyah is one of the essential elements of fundamental attraction. Instead, it is a national wealth that must be preserved, and the atmosphere is one of the most critical elements that attract tourists. ... etc., and the clean environment attracts tourists, with clear, pure beaches and warm sun (as in the Mediterranean basin).

As for the polluted and neglected environment, it only works on the growth of the tourism industry but instead leads to its failure. Therefore, the state must develop a tourism policy to define the nation's interests and pour it into an organized template that avoids what results from the different degrees of development of regions that accept evolution according to their tourism importance. And what may result from the disparity in the social and economic levels of the different classes of people [19].

Second: local development models and strategies.

Local development depends on several models and strategies to embody local development goals and achieve various local development programs and projects. This will be addressed through the following:

Local Development Models

Those interested in development issues classify the most critical development models into three main models: [20]

• The integrative model: This model is represented in a set of programs that start from the national level and include all economic and social sectors, and have all geographical areas in the country (civilized, rural, desert). The integrative model includes programs that achieve development balance at the sectoral and geographical levels and achieve coordination And cooperation between planned governmental efforts and widespread efforts. The model is based on creating new administrative and organizational units to provide development institutions within local communities, supervised by a central apparatus separate from the existing administrative device

• The success of this model also requires the availability of a form of dual communication through fixed and continuous channels between the central higher administrative authority and the executive quality bodies through permanent or joint committees. This model also requires a degree of decentralization in making implementation decisions within the framework of the state's general plan

• The adaptive model: This model agrees with the previous model in that it defends the central level but differs from it in that it focuses on community development processes and relies on grassroots organizations. This model is called adaptive because it does not require a change in the existing administrative organization. The model can be implemented in any administrative organization. Usually, the newly independent countries resort to this type of model due to the scarcity of material and technical factors in these societies. Still, it soon ends with applying the integrative model because it can achieve the national economic and social development goals

• Project model: This model is applied in a geographical area available in exceptional circumstances, hence the difference between it and the previous two models [21]

• Some of those interested in development issues believe that this model can serve as an experimental or exploratory model to be applied nationally if it proves successful and effective in practical areas

Local development strategy.

Drawing up any strategy for local development presupposes a clear vision of the objectives required to draw up compatible policies. Of course, there needs to be more balanced development in the long run. Perhaps among the most essential elements of local development strategies are the following:

• I am considering the principle of integration between all aspects of development in society as a whole, with the intervention and continuous guidance of the state [22]

• That is, the strategy must consider the issue of economic and cultural privacy

• I am considering the principle of integration between all aspects of development in society as a whole, with the intervention and continuous guidance of the state [23]

• That is, a strategy must consider the economic, cultural, political, and social specificity of the local community because members of the local community are more able than others to understand their local environment. And it's potential and resources, with the role of the government and the local authority in the local development process

• Local development must have a clear vision and strategy, starting from the generalities and ending with the particulars. The regional development planner must know that ending the significant problems will automatically lead to ending the minor issues and marginal products [24]

• Optimal use of all available capabilities and resources available in the localities, in addition to self-reliance through the management of aid and government support provided by the state, and satisfying all required needs

• The development of these strategies and the drawing of various appropriate policies aimed primarily at achieving local development programs and projects in multiple fields, sectors, and fields

Tourism development is pervasive in all the various elements of action. All the elements of local products are the elements of tourism development. The success of tourism development depends on depth, authenticity, governance and legislation stability, and the economy's strength.

Tourism development must be included within the comprehensive development plan of the national community. It must not be completed separately, as tourism development has many elements that overlap with other types of action, including local development. To avoid adverse effects on society, it must be preceded by some planning, strategies, and principles, and on a scientific basis. This leads to the success of tourism development and has positive effects.

Tourism development is one of the main tributaries of national income, as well as real individual income, and what it includes of civilized development, inclusive of all-natural, human, and material elements. Hence, tourism development is a means of local development.

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