The national defense is an important part of a country to maintain state sovereignty. In particular, defense is an important part because it involves the life and survival of its citizens. A country is required to be able to defend its sovereignty, territorial integrity and security from all threats at home and abroad. To deal with the threat of national defense, it is necessary to have a national defense system [1].

The defense system is an integrated unit of defense elements owned by the state at the level, both defense doctrine as software and personnel and defense equipment as hardware. The essence of the implementation of the defense system is to ensure the survival of the nation and state within the corridors of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Therefore, the Indonesian defense system must be placed as one of the country's fundamental systems to be able to answer all threats and security challenges that will be faced by the nation in the future [2].

As an effort to realize the defense of Indonesia's territory, the Indonesian Navy's Marine Corps has an operational function using the power of ballistic rockets. The Marine Corps of the Indonesian Navy has a ballistic rocket that has been used so far, namely the RM70 Grad which is the reference for the development of domestic ballistic rockets, namely the R-Han 122 B.

The R-Han 122 mm is a surface-to-surface ballistic type. The rocket, which was developed by the Research and Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense, has the same caliber as the rocket used by the MLRS Vampire belonging to the Indonesian Navy. Both have a range of about 20 km but the R-Han 122 B can reach targets up to a maximum  distance of  30 km with a launch angle of 50 degrees. The development of this rocket was then continued by the Ministry of Defense by cooperating with State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) such as PT Pindad (Persero), PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero), PT Dahana (Persero) and LAPAN as a government R&D institution. The manufacture and development of the R-Han 122 B rocket through a series of activities and various stages in the design of System Engineering [3].

The results of the system engineering design that have been formed then require tools to measure the level of technology in order to control it is development and reduce the risk of failure. According to the Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education Number 42 of 2016, the level of technology readiness is the level of maturity or readiness of a particular research and development result that is systematically measured with the aim of being adopted by users, both by the government, industry, as well as society.

The technological readiness level is used to analyse the technology readiness level of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket. Basically the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket has been tested and obtained a certificate of eligibility from the Ministry of Defense as weapon system. However, until now the Indonesian Navy Marine Corps has not used the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket due to the requirements of the Indonesian Navy Marine Corps that have not been met, resulting in a gap between the rocket requirements needed by the Indonesian Navy Marine Corps and the requirements of the R-Han ballistic rocket 122 B.

Therefore, the researcher conducted this research with the title "Analysis Technological Requirements of the technology readiness level of the R-Han 122B Ballistic Rocket Weapon System for Indonesian Defense". The purpose of this study is to find out whether the ballistic rocket requirements desired by the Marine Corps are in accordance with the requirements of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket.

The methods used in this study are qualitative through a descriptive approach to analysis. This research purposed to review the R-Han 122 B Ballistic Rocket used by the Marine Corps Navy to support Indonesia's defense. 

Descriptive approach to analysis is used to analyse and explore aspects that are the background to Indonesia's interest in the development of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket. Data collection is carried out through interviews aimed at relevant stakeholders as well as secondary data collection through literature studies. The process of analysis and validity of data is carried out using triangulation methods and follows the rules of Miles and Hubberman [4].

Place and Time of Research

This research place is at THE LAPAN Bogor Institution, PT. PINDAD Bandung and Mabes Marine Corps TNI AL East Jakarta. These three places are agencies visited to obtain research   data   through   interviews   and   secondary  data
related to R-Han 122 B. This research began from the writing of the proposal in August 2020 until the preparation and implementation of the thesis session in February 2021.

Research Subjects and Objects

The research subject is a person or object to be studied, as well as an informant, which means people in the research background whom used to provide information about the situation and conditions of the research background [5]. The subject of this study is the source who was selected using purposive techniques, which is an expert or expert in the field of R-Han 122 B ballistic rockets and Indonesian state defence systems.

The object of research is a problem researched in order to obtain research data. The object of this research is the requirements of ballistic rocket systems that can be used by the Navy Marine Corps, the process and development of the R-Han 122 B, as well as the level of technological efficiency of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket.

Overview of Research Objects

The R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket was formed through a consortium of defence rockets conducted under the guidance of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of defence and the Ministry of SOEs. In its implementation, it involves several institutions/agencies that each have a role. 

R-Han 122 B Rocket Launcher Vehicle is a domestically made Multiple Rocket Launcher System (MRLS) by the nation's children. It is expected that the rocket launch process will automatically be able to be executed faster. The rocket-to-launcher charging mechanism is designed in such a way as to achieve a shorter operating time. The launcher system uses the WAGO 750-8206/040-000 XTR Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as the main controller that can be programmed to store a series of instructions that perform specific functions such as: logic, sequence, timing, counting and arithmetic.

Ballistic Rocket Requirements Used by the Navy's Marine Corps

During this time the Marine Corps used ballistic rockets made by the Czechoslovak Army Ecxalibur, the RM-70 Grad. The technical specifications of the RM-70 Grad are as in Table 1.

Based on the overall information obtained by the researcher, it can be concluded that until now the technological readiness level of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket is at level 7. on technological readiness level 1-7 is met. Meanwhile, technology readiness levels 8 and 9 have not been met. This could be due to the parameters on technology readiness levels 8 and 9 that have not been reached. If presented in the technology readiness level table, it is as in Table 2.

Table 1: Technical specifications of RM-70 Grad

Source: Ministry of Defence, 2019

Table 2: Technology readiness level R-Han 122 B

 Source: Research Institute, 2021

User Needs Analysis Stage

According to the Navy Marine Corps, the requirements that must be met in ballistic rockets are as follows:

• Rocket ammunition must be flexible to the firing range so that it can support fire assistance since the manoeuvre is still on the shoreline to seize the outermost target of the beach pedestal as far as 50 km

• There are rocket munitions with a range of more than 100 km to destroy the parent body of the opposing amphibious combat group before developing manoeuvres

• Rocket ammunition must be safe for its own forces both technically and tactically

• As a free rocket, the accuracy and consistency of rocket ammunition must be meticulous and can be calculated with certainty adjustments to weather conditions

• Can use several kinds of projectiles/ammunition according to the calibre of rockets such as he grenades, frag grenades, smoke grenades, cargo grenades, fill grenades, etc.

The development of the R-Han 122 B rocket that is a user requirement (Marine Corps TNI AL) is close to the specifications  of  the  Technical  Standard (SST)  of  the RM-70 Grad rocket, which is expected to be mass produced as well as meet the munition of the MARINE CORPS ARTILLERY RM-70 Grad Rocket [6]. The R-Han 122 B rocket is only focused on the creation of firing tables, namely the retrieval of parameter data, validation of target data and distance or trajectory and the characteristics that can be known with certainty, before being mass produced and used by the Navy Marine Artillery. The development of R-Han 122 B is done by increasing the length of the rocket motor to 2 (two) meters so that the trajectory can reach 25 km, in accordance with the wishes of the Al army with a minimum reach distance of 20 km. In the R-Han 122 B certificate number IMAA TC AW/Rocket 001-2019, there is no document requirement about the specifications of R-Han ballistic rockets desired by the Marine Corps TNI AL. Thus, it is not known what kind of technical specifications of the ballistic rocket desired by the user yet.

Based on the results of research and discussions that have been outlined, it can be concluded that the R-Han 122 B the results of the consortium development have not been in accordance with the ballistic rocket desired by the Marine Corps navy because there are differences in terms of requirements. That's  the  type  of  propellant  used. The R-Han 122 B propellant uses an HTPB composite, causing thick smoke. While the ballistic rocket used by the Navy Marine Corps (RM 70 Grad) uses a double base solid propellant so that the smoke generated is thin. At the precision capability (flight stability) the launch of R-Han 122 B has not been collected (grouping).

The technology readiness level of R-Han 122 B is at level 7, which means a demonstration of the system prototype in an actual environment. Where the rocket is in the process of being developed by related parties until it reaches Technology readiness level 9 The development of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket has not yet fully followed the system engineering stage. This is due to the absence of user requirements documents at the user requirements analysis stage. The development of the R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket has not followed the system engineering stage fully. This is because there is no document user requirement at the user needs analysis stage. 

As a recommendation, it is necessary to increase the capability of flight stability so that when the rocket is launched can be grouping and all development must follow the stages of system engineering. so it is necessary to improve the profile of the rocket motor (thrust), 

geometry and rocket inertia/center of mass of the rocket (center of gravity). As for the technology readiness level, it is necessary to measure the technology readiness level by further researchers in order to know the value of the technology readiness level of the more updated R-Han 122 B ballistic rocket.

1. Muhaimin, Y.A. Pointy Bamboo and Gunpowder: Defense Development Problems in Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Graha Knowledge, 2014.

2. Ministry of Defense. Indonesian Defense White Paper. Jakarta: Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia, 2015.

3. Herjuna, D. Conceptual Design of Marine Multiple Launch Rocket System Rocket Artillery System. Bogor: Indonesian Defense University, 2019.

4. Cresswell, J.W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed (Translation) Approaches. Yogyakarta: Student Library, 2016.

5. Moleong, L.J. Qualitative Research Methods. Bandung: Teen Works, 2011.

6. Yakti, P.D. The Navy as a World Class Navy on Defense Strategy in Realizing the World Maritime Axis. Semarang: Diponegoro University, 2017.